本文记录如何在 Ubuntu 24.04 系统上编译和运行 Linux kernel.
主机配置如下:
./+o+- wgxls@server
yyyyy- -yyyyyy+ OS: Ubuntu 24.04 noble
://+//////-yyyyyyo Kernel: x86_64 Linux 6.8.0-49-generic
.++ .:/++++++/-.+sss/` Uptime: 22h 2m
.:++o: /++++++++/:--:/- Packages: 1924
o:+o+:++.`..```.-/oo+++++/ Shell: bash
.:+o:+o/. `+sssoo+/ Resolution: 2560x1440
.++/+:+oo+o:` /sssooo. DE: GNOME 46.0.1
/+++//+:`oo+o /::--:. WM: Mutter
\+/+o+++`o++o ++////. WM Theme: Adwaita
.++.o+++oo+:` /dddhhh. GTK Theme: Yaru-purple-dark [GTK2/3]
.+.o+oo:. `oddhhhh+ Icon Theme: Yaru-purple
\+.++o+o``-````.:ohdhhhhh+ Font: Ubuntu Sans 11
`:o+++ `ohhhhhhhhyo++os: Disk: 701G / 2.3T (31%)
.o:`.syhhhhhhh/.oo++o` CPU: AMD Ryzen 7 4800U with Radeon Graphics @ 16x 1.8GHz
/osyyyyyyo++ooo+++/ GPU: AMD/ATI Renoir [Radeon RX Vega 6 (Ryzen 4000/5000 Mobile Series)]
````` +oo+++o\: RAM: 10147MiB / 15489MiB
`oo++. 下载 Linux Kernel 源码
下载 Linux Kernel 源码可以分为两种方式，一种是下载源码包，另一种是使用 Git 下载源码。
- 下载源码包
打开 Linux Kernel 官方网址: https://www.kernel.org/
点击黄色按钮，下载最新版本的源码包。
- 使用 Git 下载源码
使用 Git 下载源码会包括所有的历史版本，所以下载的内容比较大，时间也比较长。
可以从 Linux 的 GitHub 镜像仓库下载代码，地址为: https://github.com/torvalds/linux
git clone https://github.com/torvalds/linux.git也可以从 Linux 的官方仓库下载代码，地址为: https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/
从以下三个链接 clone 其中一个就可以了。
git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git编译 Linux Kernel
安装编译工具和依赖
以下是一个包含了足够冗余的编译工具和依赖的列表，可以根据自己的需求进行调整。
当然，我也不能保证这些依赖对于你的操作系统是有用的，具体问题需要具体问AI分析。
sudo apt update
sudo apt install build-essential libncurses-dev bison flex libssl-dev libelf-dev \
libudev-dev libpci-dev libiberty-dev autoconf automake ccache dwarves bc \
liblz4-tool liblzma-dev libzstd-dev libcap-dev libcap-ng-dev libattr1-dev \
libselinux1-dev libpopt-dev libmount-dev libblkid-dev uuid-dev配置内核
编译内核需要用到一下常用的命令:
make mrproper # 清理内核源码
make clean # 清理编译过程中生成的文件
make menuconfig # 配置内核
make xconfig # 使用 Qt 配置内核
make gconfig # 使用 GTK 配置内核
make -j$(nproc) # 编译内核make mrproper是 Linux 内核源码树中的一个命令，用于清理内核源码树。它的作用是删除所有生成的文件和配置文件，使源码树恢复到一个干净的状态。具体来说，make mrproper会执行以下操作：
- 删除所有编译生成的文件，包括目标文件（.o 文件）、依赖文件（.d 文件）和可执行文件。
- 删除所有配置文件，包括 .config 文件和生成的头文件（如 include/config 目录下的文件）。
- 删除一些其他生成的文件和目录，如 arch/*/boot 目录下的文件。
make clean用于清理编译过程中生成的文件。它的作用是删除所有生成的文件，但不会删除配置文件。具体来说，make clean会执行以下操作：
- 删除所有编译生成的文件，包括目标文件（.o 文件）、依赖文件（.d 文件）和可执行文件。
make menuconfig是 Linux 内核的配置工具，用于配置内核的编译选项。它提供了一个基于文本的菜单界面，可以让用户方便地选择内核的编译选项。具体来说，make menuconfig会打开一个菜单界面，用户可以在这个界面上选择内核的编译选项，然后保存配置文件。
Linux 的内核配置在 Kconfig 文件中，这些文件位于内核源码树的各个目录中。make menuconfig 会读取这些文件，然后生成一个菜单界面，用户可以在这个界面上选择内核的编译选项。用户选择完毕后，make menuconfig 会将用户的选择保存到 .config 文件中。
make xconfig 和 make gconfig 所作的事情和 make menuconfig 是一样的，只是它们提供了不同的界面。make xconfig 使用 Qt 库，make gconfig 使用 GTK 库。
在本文中，我们使用 make menuconfig 来配置内核。
make -j$(nproc)是编译内核的命令。-j选项用于指定并行编译的任务数，$(nproc)是一个 shell 命令，用于获取系统的 CPU 核心数。这样，make -j$(nproc)就会使用系统的所有 CPU 核心来编译内核。
接下来重点介绍一下 make menuconfig 的使用。
make menuconfig 需要终端有足够的 Size, 最小可以接受的尺寸是 19 行 80 列，否则会出现如下错误:
wgxls@server:~/Desktop/kernel/linux$ make menuconfig
Your display is too small to run Menuconfig!
It must be at least 19 lines by 80 columns.
make[2]: *** [scripts/kconfig/Makefile:56：menuconfig] 错误 1
make[1]: *** [/home/wgxls/Desktop/kernel/linux/Makefile:679：menuconfig] 错误 2
make: *** [Makefile:224：__sub-make] 错误 2调整好终端的大小后，重新运行 make menuconfig 即可进入配置界面。
操作规则写在了界面的上方，翻译成中文如下:
Enter: 进入子菜单
高亮的字母是快捷键
Y 是选中，N 是不选中，M 是模块化编译 (也可以使用空格键进行切换)
按两次 Esc 键退出
上下左右移动光标
/ 搜索
这里面由 [ ] 指示的选项只有 选中 和 非选中 两种状态，< > 指示的选项有 选中、非选中、模块化编译 三种状态。
首次编译我们先不作任何修改，直接退出即可。
退出时被询问是否保存配置，选择 Yes 即可。
此时，内核的配置文件 .config 就被保存了。
编译内核
直接执行 make -j$(nproc) 即可开始编译内核。
此过程需要一些时间，根据电脑的性能不同，时间也会有所差异，几分钟到几小时不等。
编译成功的内核镜像位于 arch/x86/boot/bzImage
我们可以看一下编译生成的文件大小:
wgxls@server:~/Desktop/kernel/linux$ ls -lh arch/x86/boot/bzImage
-rw-rw-r-- 1 wgxls wgxls 15M 11月 22 12:23 arch/x86/boot/bzImage以及查bzImage的版本信息:
wgxls@server:~/Desktop/kernel/linux$ file arch/x86/boot/bzImage
arch/x86/boot/bzImage: Linux kernel x86 boot executable bzImage, version 6.12.0 (root@server) #3 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Fri Nov 22 12:21:34 CST 2024, RO-rootFS, swap_dev 0XE, Normal VGA这个 bzImage 和 Ubuntu /boot 目录下的 vmlinuz 是一样的，只是名字不一样。
wgxls@server:~/Desktop/kernel/linux$ sudo file /boot/vmlinuz-6.8.0-49-generic
[sudo] wgxls 的密码：
/boot/vmlinuz-6.8.0-49-generic: Linux kernel x86 boot executable bzImage, version 6.8.0-49-generic (buildd@lcy02-amd64-028) #49-Ubuntu SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Mon Nov 4 02:06:24 UTC 2024, RO-rootFS, swap_dev 0XE, Normal VGA稍后，我们会用 QEMU 来启动这个 bzImage。
踩坑一:
在编译过程中，可能会出现如下错误:
make[3]: *** 没有规则可制作目标“debian/canonical-certs.pem”，由“certs/x509_certificate_list” 需求。 停止。
make[3]: *** 正在等待未完成的任务....可以通过清空 SYSTEM_TRUSTED_KEYS 来解决:
重新执行 make menuconfig, 定位到如下位置
-> Cryptographic API (CRYPTO [=y])
-> Certificates for signature checking
-> Provide system-wide ring of trusted keys (SYSTEM_TRUSTED_KEYRING [=y])
-> Additional X.509 keys for default system keyring (SYSTEM_TRUSTED_KEYS [=debian/canonical-certs.pem]) 
清空后的配置菜单显示如下:
然后保存退出，重新执行 make -j$(nproc) 即可。
踩坑二:
make[3]: *** 没有规则可制作目标“debian/canonical-revoked-certs.pem”，由“certs/x509_revocation_list” 需求。 停止。
make[3]: *** 正在等待未完成的任务....和上面是同样的道理，把 “debian/canonical-revoked-certs.pem” 清空即可。
位置如下：
-> Cryptographic API -> Certificates for signature checking ->
使用 Busybox 创建 initramfs
编译 Busybox
Busybox 是一个集成了一百多个 Linux 命令和工具的软件包，它可以用来创建一个最小的 Linux 系统。
Busybox 的官方网站是: https://www.busybox.net/
Busybox 的源码可以从官方网站下载，也可以使用 Git 下载。
git clone git://git.busybox.net/busybox目前最新的版本是 1.37 , 我们把 clone 的代码切换到 1.37 版本。
git checkout remotes/origin/1_37_stable -b 1_37_stableBusybox 的编译过程和 Linux Kernel 类似，首先需要进行配置。
make menuconfig把 Build static binary (no shared libs) 选项选中，这样编译出来的 Busybox 就是一个静态链接的二进制文件。
它位于 Settings 下。
然后开始编译。
make -j$(nproc)编译完成输出如下：
LINK busybox_unstripped
Static linking against glibc, can't use --gc-sections
Trying libraries: crypt m resolv rt
Library crypt is not needed, excluding it
Library m is needed, can't exclude it (yet)
Library resolv is needed, can't exclude it (yet)
Library rt is not needed, excluding it
Library m is needed, can't exclude it (yet)
Library resolv is needed, can't exclude it (yet)
Final link with: m resolv然后执行 make install 安装 Busybox。
make install输出如下:
./_install//usr/sbin/ubiupdatevol -> ../../bin/busybox
./_install//usr/sbin/udhcpd -> ../../bin/busybox
--------------------------------------------------
You will probably need to make your busybox binary
setuid root to ensure all configured applets will
work properly.
--------------------------------------------------Busybox 的二进制文件位于 _install/bin/busybox。
创建 initramfs
initramfs 是一个临时的根文件系统，用于启动 Linux 内核。
首先我们创建一个目录，用于存放 initramfs 的文件。
把 Busybox 的二进制文件和 bzImage 复制到这个目录下。
mkdir -p ~/Desktop/kernel/workspace/initramfs
cp _install/bin/busybox ~/Desktop/kernel/workspace
cp ~/Desktop/kernel/linux/arch/x86/boot/bzImage ~/Desktop/kernel/workspace
cd ~/Desktop/kernel/workspace在 initramfs 目录下创建一个 bin 目录，并把 busybox 复制到这个目录下。
mkdir -p initramfs/{bin,sbin,etc,proc,sys}
cp busybox initramfs/bin
cd initramfs/bin
for cmd in $(./busybox --list); do ln -s busybox $cmd; done
cd ../..在 initramfs 目录下创建一个 init 文件，用于启动 Linux 内核。
并给 init 文件添加可执行权限。
touch initramfs/init
chmod +x initramfs/initinit 是 Linux 内核启动时的第一个进程，它负责初始化系统，并启动其他进程。
我们将 init 的内容设置为如下:
#!/bin/busybox sh
/bin/busybox echo "Hello, Linux Kernel!"
/bin/busybox mount -t proc none /proc
/bin/busybox mount -t sysfs none /sys
/bin/busybox mount -t devtmpfs none /dev
/bin/busybox sh接下来我们需要把 initramfs 目录打包成一个 cpio 归档文件。
这里我们编写一个 Makefile 来完成这个任务。
vim MakefileMakefile 的内容如下:
.PHONY: initramfs run clean
initramfs:
cd initramfs && find . -print0 | cpio --null -ov --format=newc | gzip -9 > ../initramfs.img
run:
qemu-system-x86_64 -kernel bzImage -initrd initramfs.img -nographic -append "console=ttyS0" -m 1024
clean:
rm -f initramfs.cpio initramfs.imgMakefile 要使用 Tab 键缩进，不能使用空格。
设置完成后，workspace 目录结构如下:
workspace 目录结构
wgxls@server:~/Desktop/kernel/workspace$ tree
.
├── busybox
├── bzImage
├── initramfs
│ ├── bin
│ │ ├── [ -> busybox
│ │ ├── [[ -> busybox
│ │ ├── acpid -> busybox
│ │ ├── addgroup -> busybox
│ │ ├── add-shell -> busybox
│ │ ├── adduser -> busybox
│ │ ├── adjtimex -> busybox
│ │ ├── arch -> busybox
│ │ ├── arp -> busybox
│ │ ├── arping -> busybox
│ │ ├── ascii -> busybox
│ │ ├── ash -> busybox
│ │ ├── awk -> busybox
│ │ ├── base32 -> busybox
│ │ ├── base64 -> busybox
│ │ ├── basename -> busybox
│ │ ├── bc -> busybox
│ │ ├── beep -> busybox
│ │ ├── blkdiscard -> busybox
│ │ ├── blkid -> busybox
│ │ ├── blockdev -> busybox
│ │ ├── bootchartd -> busybox
│ │ ├── brctl -> busybox
│ │ ├── bunzip2 -> busybox
│ │ ├── busybox
│ │ ├── bzcat -> busybox
│ │ ├── bzip2 -> busybox
│ │ ├── cal -> busybox
│ │ ├── cat -> busybox
│ │ ├── chat -> busybox
│ │ ├── chattr -> busybox
│ │ ├── chgrp -> busybox
│ │ ├── chmod -> busybox
│ │ ├── chown -> busybox
│ │ ├── chpasswd -> busybox
│ │ ├── chpst -> busybox
│ │ ├── chroot -> busybox
│ │ ├── chrt -> busybox
│ │ ├── chvt -> busybox
│ │ ├── cksum -> busybox
│ │ ├── clear -> busybox
│ │ ├── cmp -> busybox
│ │ ├── comm -> busybox
│ │ ├── conspy -> busybox
│ │ ├── cp -> busybox
│ │ ├── cpio -> busybox
│ │ ├── crc32 -> busybox
│ │ ├── crond -> busybox
│ │ ├── crontab -> busybox
│ │ ├── cryptpw -> busybox
│ │ ├── cttyhack -> busybox
│ │ ├── cut -> busybox
│ │ ├── date -> busybox
│ │ ├── dc -> busybox
│ │ ├── dd -> busybox
│ │ ├── deallocvt -> busybox
│ │ ├── delgroup -> busybox
│ │ ├── deluser -> busybox
│ │ ├── depmod -> busybox
│ │ ├── devmem -> busybox
│ │ ├── df -> busybox
│ │ ├── dhcprelay -> busybox
│ │ ├── diff -> busybox
│ │ ├── dirname -> busybox
│ │ ├── dmesg -> busybox
│ │ ├── dnsd -> busybox
│ │ ├── dnsdomainname -> busybox
│ │ ├── dos2unix -> busybox
│ │ ├── dpkg -> busybox
│ │ ├── dpkg-deb -> busybox
│ │ ├── du -> busybox
│ │ ├── dumpkmap -> busybox
│ │ ├── dumpleases -> busybox
│ │ ├── echo -> busybox
│ │ ├── ed -> busybox
│ │ ├── egrep -> busybox
│ │ ├── eject -> busybox
│ │ ├── env -> busybox
│ │ ├── envdir -> busybox
│ │ ├── envuidgid -> busybox
│ │ ├── ether-wake -> busybox
│ │ ├── expand -> busybox
│ │ ├── expr -> busybox
│ │ ├── factor -> busybox
│ │ ├── fakeidentd -> busybox
│ │ ├── fallocate -> busybox
│ │ ├── false -> busybox
│ │ ├── fatattr -> busybox
│ │ ├── fbset -> busybox
│ │ ├── fbsplash -> busybox
│ │ ├── fdflush -> busybox
│ │ ├── fdformat -> busybox
│ │ ├── fdisk -> busybox
│ │ ├── fgconsole -> busybox
│ │ ├── fgrep -> busybox
│ │ ├── find -> busybox
│ │ ├── findfs -> busybox
│ │ ├── flock -> busybox
│ │ ├── fold -> busybox
│ │ ├── free -> busybox
│ │ ├── freeramdisk -> busybox
│ │ ├── fsck -> busybox
│ │ ├── fsck.minix -> busybox
│ │ ├── fsfreeze -> busybox
│ │ ├── fstrim -> busybox
│ │ ├── fsync -> busybox
│ │ ├── ftpd -> busybox
│ │ ├── ftpget -> busybox
│ │ ├── ftpput -> busybox
│ │ ├── fuser -> busybox
│ │ ├── getfattr -> busybox
│ │ ├── getopt -> busybox
│ │ ├── getty -> busybox
│ │ ├── grep -> busybox
│ │ ├── groups -> busybox
│ │ ├── gunzip -> busybox
│ │ ├── gzip -> busybox
│ │ ├── halt -> busybox
│ │ ├── hd -> busybox
│ │ ├── hdparm -> busybox
│ │ ├── head -> busybox
│ │ ├── hexdump -> busybox
│ │ ├── hexedit -> busybox
│ │ ├── hostid -> busybox
│ │ ├── hostname -> busybox
│ │ ├── httpd -> busybox
│ │ ├── hush -> busybox
│ │ ├── hwclock -> busybox
│ │ ├── i2cdetect -> busybox
│ │ ├── i2cdump -> busybox
│ │ ├── i2cget -> busybox
│ │ ├── i2cset -> busybox
│ │ ├── i2ctransfer -> busybox
│ │ ├── id -> busybox
│ │ ├── ifconfig -> busybox
│ │ ├── ifdown -> busybox
│ │ ├── ifenslave -> busybox
│ │ ├── ifplugd -> busybox
│ │ ├── ifup -> busybox
│ │ ├── inetd -> busybox
│ │ ├── init -> busybox
│ │ ├── insmod -> busybox
│ │ ├── install -> busybox
│ │ ├── ionice -> busybox
│ │ ├── iostat -> busybox
│ │ ├── ip -> busybox
│ │ ├── ipaddr -> busybox
│ │ ├── ipcalc -> busybox
│ │ ├── ipcrm -> busybox
│ │ ├── ipcs -> busybox
│ │ ├── iplink -> busybox
│ │ ├── ipneigh -> busybox
│ │ ├── iproute -> busybox
│ │ ├── iprule -> busybox
│ │ ├── iptunnel -> busybox
│ │ ├── kbd_mode -> busybox
│ │ ├── kill -> busybox
│ │ ├── killall -> busybox
│ │ ├── killall5 -> busybox
│ │ ├── klogd -> busybox
│ │ ├── last -> busybox
│ │ ├── less -> busybox
│ │ ├── link -> busybox
│ │ ├── linux32 -> busybox
│ │ ├── linux64 -> busybox
│ │ ├── linuxrc -> busybox
│ │ ├── ln -> busybox
│ │ ├── loadfont -> busybox
│ │ ├── loadkmap -> busybox
│ │ ├── logger -> busybox
│ │ ├── login -> busybox
│ │ ├── logname -> busybox
│ │ ├── logread -> busybox
│ │ ├── losetup -> busybox
│ │ ├── lpd -> busybox
│ │ ├── lpq -> busybox
│ │ ├── lpr -> busybox
│ │ ├── ls -> busybox
│ │ ├── lsattr -> busybox
│ │ ├── lsmod -> busybox
│ │ ├── lsof -> busybox
│ │ ├── lspci -> busybox
│ │ ├── lsscsi -> busybox
│ │ ├── lsusb -> busybox
│ │ ├── lzcat -> busybox
│ │ ├── lzma -> busybox
│ │ ├── lzop -> busybox
│ │ ├── makedevs -> busybox
│ │ ├── makemime -> busybox
│ │ ├── man -> busybox
│ │ ├── md5sum -> busybox
│ │ ├── mdev -> busybox
│ │ ├── mesg -> busybox
│ │ ├── microcom -> busybox
│ │ ├── mim -> busybox
│ │ ├── mkdir -> busybox
│ │ ├── mkdosfs -> busybox
│ │ ├── mke2fs -> busybox
│ │ ├── mkfifo -> busybox
│ │ ├── mkfs.ext2 -> busybox
│ │ ├── mkfs.minix -> busybox
│ │ ├── mkfs.vfat -> busybox
│ │ ├── mknod -> busybox
│ │ ├── mkpasswd -> busybox
│ │ ├── mkswap -> busybox
│ │ ├── mktemp -> busybox
│ │ ├── modinfo -> busybox
│ │ ├── modprobe -> busybox
│ │ ├── more -> busybox
│ │ ├── mount -> busybox
│ │ ├── mountpoint -> busybox
│ │ ├── mpstat -> busybox
│ │ ├── mt -> busybox
│ │ ├── mv -> busybox
│ │ ├── nameif -> busybox
│ │ ├── nanddump -> busybox
│ │ ├── nandwrite -> busybox
│ │ ├── nbd-client -> busybox
│ │ ├── nc -> busybox
│ │ ├── netstat -> busybox
│ │ ├── nice -> busybox
│ │ ├── nl -> busybox
│ │ ├── nmeter -> busybox
│ │ ├── nohup -> busybox
│ │ ├── nologin -> busybox
│ │ ├── nproc -> busybox
│ │ ├── nsenter -> busybox
│ │ ├── nslookup -> busybox
│ │ ├── ntpd -> busybox
│ │ ├── od -> busybox
│ │ ├── openvt -> busybox
│ │ ├── partprobe -> busybox
│ │ ├── passwd -> busybox
│ │ ├── paste -> busybox
│ │ ├── patch -> busybox
│ │ ├── pgrep -> busybox
│ │ ├── pidof -> busybox
│ │ ├── ping -> busybox
│ │ ├── ping6 -> busybox
│ │ ├── pipe_progress -> busybox
│ │ ├── pivot_root -> busybox
│ │ ├── pkill -> busybox
│ │ ├── pmap -> busybox
│ │ ├── popmaildir -> busybox
│ │ ├── poweroff -> busybox
│ │ ├── powertop -> busybox
│ │ ├── printenv -> busybox
│ │ ├── printf -> busybox
│ │ ├── ps -> busybox
│ │ ├── pscan -> busybox
│ │ ├── pstree -> busybox
│ │ ├── pwd -> busybox
│ │ ├── pwdx -> busybox
│ │ ├── raidautorun -> busybox
│ │ ├── rdate -> busybox
│ │ ├── rdev -> busybox
│ │ ├── readahead -> busybox
│ │ ├── readlink -> busybox
│ │ ├── readprofile -> busybox
│ │ ├── realpath -> busybox
│ │ ├── reboot -> busybox
│ │ ├── reformime -> busybox
│ │ ├── remove-shell -> busybox
│ │ ├── renice -> busybox
│ │ ├── reset -> busybox
│ │ ├── resize -> busybox
│ │ ├── resume -> busybox
│ │ ├── rev -> busybox
│ │ ├── rm -> busybox
│ │ ├── rmdir -> busybox
│ │ ├── rmmod -> busybox
│ │ ├── route -> busybox
│ │ ├── rpm -> busybox
│ │ ├── rpm2cpio -> busybox
│ │ ├── rtcwake -> busybox
│ │ ├── run-init -> busybox
│ │ ├── runlevel -> busybox
│ │ ├── run-parts -> busybox
│ │ ├── runsv -> busybox
│ │ ├── runsvdir -> busybox
│ │ ├── rx -> busybox
│ │ ├── script -> busybox
│ │ ├── scriptreplay -> busybox
│ │ ├── sed -> busybox
│ │ ├── seedrng -> busybox
│ │ ├── sendmail -> busybox
│ │ ├── seq -> busybox
│ │ ├── setarch -> busybox
│ │ ├── setconsole -> busybox
│ │ ├── setfattr -> busybox
│ │ ├── setfont -> busybox
│ │ ├── setkeycodes -> busybox
│ │ ├── setlogcons -> busybox
│ │ ├── setpriv -> busybox
│ │ ├── setserial -> busybox
│ │ ├── setsid -> busybox
│ │ ├── setuidgid -> busybox
│ │ ├── sh -> busybox
│ │ ├── sha1sum -> busybox
│ │ ├── sha256sum -> busybox
│ │ ├── sha3sum -> busybox
│ │ ├── sha512sum -> busybox
│ │ ├── showkey -> busybox
│ │ ├── shred -> busybox
│ │ ├── shuf -> busybox
│ │ ├── slattach -> busybox
│ │ ├── sleep -> busybox
│ │ ├── smemcap -> busybox
│ │ ├── softlimit -> busybox
│ │ ├── sort -> busybox
│ │ ├── split -> busybox
│ │ ├── ssl_client -> busybox
│ │ ├── start-stop-daemon -> busybox
│ │ ├── stat -> busybox
│ │ ├── strings -> busybox
│ │ ├── stty -> busybox
│ │ ├── su -> busybox
│ │ ├── sulogin -> busybox
│ │ ├── sum -> busybox
│ │ ├── sv -> busybox
│ │ ├── svc -> busybox
│ │ ├── svlogd -> busybox
│ │ ├── svok -> busybox
│ │ ├── swapoff -> busybox
│ │ ├── swapon -> busybox
│ │ ├── switch_root -> busybox
│ │ ├── sync -> busybox
│ │ ├── sysctl -> busybox
│ │ ├── syslogd -> busybox
│ │ ├── tac -> busybox
│ │ ├── tail -> busybox
│ │ ├── tar -> busybox
│ │ ├── taskset -> busybox
│ │ ├── tcpsvd -> busybox
│ │ ├── tee -> busybox
│ │ ├── telnet -> busybox
│ │ ├── telnetd -> busybox
│ │ ├── test -> busybox
│ │ ├── tftp -> busybox
│ │ ├── tftpd -> busybox
│ │ ├── time -> busybox
│ │ ├── timeout -> busybox
│ │ ├── top -> busybox
│ │ ├── touch -> busybox
│ │ ├── tr -> busybox
│ │ ├── traceroute -> busybox
│ │ ├── traceroute6 -> busybox
│ │ ├── tree -> busybox
│ │ ├── true -> busybox
│ │ ├── truncate -> busybox
│ │ ├── ts -> busybox
│ │ ├── tsort -> busybox
│ │ ├── tty -> busybox
│ │ ├── ttysize -> busybox
│ │ ├── tunctl -> busybox
│ │ ├── ubiattach -> busybox
│ │ ├── ubidetach -> busybox
│ │ ├── ubimkvol -> busybox
│ │ ├── ubirename -> busybox
│ │ ├── ubirmvol -> busybox
│ │ ├── ubirsvol -> busybox
│ │ ├── ubiupdatevol -> busybox
│ │ ├── udhcpc -> busybox
│ │ ├── udhcpc6 -> busybox
│ │ ├── udhcpd -> busybox
│ │ ├── udpsvd -> busybox
│ │ ├── uevent -> busybox
│ │ ├── umount -> busybox
│ │ ├── uname -> busybox
│ │ ├── unexpand -> busybox
│ │ ├── uniq -> busybox
│ │ ├── unix2dos -> busybox
│ │ ├── unlink -> busybox
│ │ ├── unlzma -> busybox
│ │ ├── unshare -> busybox
│ │ ├── unxz -> busybox
│ │ ├── unzip -> busybox
│ │ ├── uptime -> busybox
│ │ ├── users -> busybox
│ │ ├── usleep -> busybox
│ │ ├── uudecode -> busybox
│ │ ├── uuencode -> busybox
│ │ ├── vconfig -> busybox
│ │ ├── vi -> busybox
│ │ ├── vlock -> busybox
│ │ ├── volname -> busybox
│ │ ├── w -> busybox
│ │ ├── wall -> busybox
│ │ ├── watch -> busybox
│ │ ├── watchdog -> busybox
│ │ ├── wc -> busybox
│ │ ├── wget -> busybox
│ │ ├── which -> busybox
│ │ ├── who -> busybox
│ │ ├── whoami -> busybox
│ │ ├── whois -> busybox
│ │ ├── xargs -> busybox
│ │ ├── xxd -> busybox
│ │ ├── xz -> busybox
│ │ ├── xzcat -> busybox
│ │ ├── yes -> busybox
│ │ ├── zcat -> busybox
│ │ └── zcip -> busybox
│ ├── etc
│ ├── init
│ ├── proc
│ ├── sbin
│ └── sys
├── initramfs.img
└── Makefile
7 directories, 408 files
然后执行 make initramfs 即可生成 initramfs.cpio 和 initramfs.img。
initramfs.cpio 和 initramfs.img 是一样的，只是 initramfs.img 是 initramfs.cpio 的压缩版本。
wgxls@server:~/Desktop/kernel/workspace$ file initramfs.cpio
initramfs.cpio: ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC)
wgxls@server:~/Desktop/kernel/workspace$ file initramfs.img
initramfs.img: gzip compressed data, from Unix, original size modulo 2^32 0使用 QEMU 启动内核
QEMU 是一个开源的虚拟机软件，可以模拟多种硬件平台，包括 x86、ARM、MIPS 等。
我们可以使用 QEMU 来启动 Linux 内核。
首先我们需要安装 QEMU。
sudo apt install qemu-system-x86上一节中我们已经写好了 Makefile，现在我们执行 make run 即可启动内核。
启动日志如下:
[ 0.000000] Linux version 6.12.0 (root@server) (gcc (Ubuntu 13.2.0-23ubuntu4) 13.2.0, GNU ld (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.42) #3 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Fri Nov 22 12:21:34 CST 2024
[ 0.000000] Command line: console=ttyS0
[ 0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus:
[ 0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel
[ 0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD
[ 0.000000] Hygon HygonGenuine
[ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls
[ 0.000000] zhaoxin Shanghai
[ 0.000000] BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000000009fc00-0x000000000009ffff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000003ffdffff] usable
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000003ffe0000-0x000000003fffffff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fffc0000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000fd00000000-0x000000ffffffffff] reserved
[ 0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active
[ 0.000000] APIC: Static calls initialized
[ 0.000000] SMBIOS 3.0.0 present.
[ 0.000000] DMI: QEMU Ubuntu 24.04 PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.16.3-debian-1.16.3-2 04/01/2014
[ 0.000000] DMI: Memory slots populated: 1/1
[ 0.000000] tsc: Fast TSC calibration using PIT
[ 0.000000] tsc: Detected 1796.640 MHz processor
[ 0.018476] AGP: No AGP bridge found
[ 0.018792] last_pfn = 0x3ffe0 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000
[ 0.019674] MTRR map: 4 entries (3 fixed + 1 variable; max 19), built from 8 variable MTRRs
[ 0.019912] x86/PAT: Configuration [0-7]: WB WC UC- UC WB WP UC- WT
[ 0.042004] found SMP MP-table at [mem 0x000f5480-0x000f548f]
[ 0.047898] RAMDISK: [mem 0x3fea1000-0x3ffdffff]
[ 0.048467] ACPI: Early table checksum verification disabled
[ 0.048989] ACPI: RSDP 0x00000000000F52A0 000014 (v00 BOCHS )
[ 0.049332] ACPI: RSDT 0x000000003FFE1C40 000034 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001)
[ 0.050121] ACPI: FACP 0x000000003FFE1AF4 000074 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001)
[ 0.050985] ACPI: DSDT 0x000000003FFE0040 001AB4 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001)
[ 0.051091] ACPI: FACS 0x000000003FFE0000 000040
[ 0.051162] ACPI: APIC 0x000000003FFE1B68 000078 (v03 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001)
[ 0.051197] ACPI: HPET 0x000000003FFE1BE0 000038 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001)
[ 0.051229] ACPI: WAET 0x000000003FFE1C18 000028 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001)
[ 0.051359] ACPI: Reserving FACP table memory at [mem 0x3ffe1af4-0x3ffe1b67]
[ 0.051383] ACPI: Reserving DSDT table memory at [mem 0x3ffe0040-0x3ffe1af3]
[ 0.051392] ACPI: Reserving FACS table memory at [mem 0x3ffe0000-0x3ffe003f]
[ 0.051401] ACPI: Reserving APIC table memory at [mem 0x3ffe1b68-0x3ffe1bdf]
[ 0.051409] ACPI: Reserving HPET table memory at [mem 0x3ffe1be0-0x3ffe1c17]
[ 0.051418] ACPI: Reserving WAET table memory at [mem 0x3ffe1c18-0x3ffe1c3f]
[ 0.054754] No NUMA configuration found
[ 0.054778] Faking a node at [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000003ffdffff]
[ 0.055810] NODE_DATA(0) allocated [mem 0x3fe76680-0x3fea0fff]
[ 0.059850] Zone ranges:
[ 0.059880] DMA [mem 0x0000000000001000-0x0000000000ffffff]
[ 0.060257] DMA32 [mem 0x0000000001000000-0x000000003ffdffff]
[ 0.060273] Normal empty
[ 0.060294] Device empty
[ 0.060309] Movable zone start for each node
[ 0.060345] Early memory node ranges
[ 0.060378] node 0: [mem 0x0000000000001000-0x000000000009efff]
[ 0.060553] node 0: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000003ffdffff]
[ 0.060720] Initmem setup node 0 [mem 0x0000000000001000-0x000000003ffdffff]
[ 0.061895] On node 0, zone DMA: 1 pages in unavailable ranges
[ 0.062152] On node 0, zone DMA: 97 pages in unavailable ranges
[ 0.080291] On node 0, zone DMA32: 32 pages in unavailable ranges
[ 0.081199] ACPI: PM-Timer IO Port: 0x608
[ 0.081699] ACPI: LAPIC_NMI (acpi_id[0xff] dfl dfl lint[0x1])
[ 0.082286] IOAPIC[0]: apic_id 0, version 32, address 0xfec00000, GSI 0-23
[ 0.082419] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 0 global_irq 2 dfl dfl)
[ 0.082831] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 5 global_irq 5 high level)
[ 0.082901] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 9 global_irq 9 high level)
[ 0.083025] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 10 global_irq 10 high level)
[ 0.083039] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 11 global_irq 11 high level)
[ 0.083276] ACPI: Using ACPI (MADT) for SMP configuration information
[ 0.083332] ACPI: HPET id: 0x8086a201 base: 0xfed00000
[ 0.083817] CPU topo: Max. logical packages: 1
[ 0.083834] CPU topo: Max. logical dies: 1
[ 0.083846] CPU topo: Max. dies per package: 1
[ 0.083908] CPU topo: Max. threads per core: 1
[ 0.084101] CPU topo: Num. cores per package: 1
[ 0.084121] CPU topo: Num. threads per package: 1
[ 0.084133] CPU topo: Allowing 1 present CPUs plus 0 hotplug CPUs
[ 0.085279] PM: hibernation: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x00000000-0x00000fff]
[ 0.085338] PM: hibernation: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x0009f000-0x0009ffff]
[ 0.085370] PM: hibernation: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x000a0000-0x000effff]
[ 0.085378] PM: hibernation: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x000f0000-0x000fffff]
[ 0.085535] [mem 0x40000000-0xfffbffff] available for PCI devices
[ 0.085614] Booting paravirtualized kernel on bare hardware
[ 0.085991] clocksource: refined-jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 1910969940391419 ns
[ 0.087218] setup_percpu: NR_CPUS:8192 nr_cpumask_bits:1 nr_cpu_ids:1 nr_node_ids:1
[ 0.088897] percpu: Embedded 88 pages/cpu s237568 r8192 d114688 u2097152
[ 0.090728] Kernel command line: console=ttyS0
[ 0.092124] Dentry cache hash table entries: 131072 (order: 8, 1048576 bytes, linear)
[ 0.092353] Inode-cache hash table entries: 65536 (order: 7, 524288 bytes, linear)
[ 0.096079] Fallback order for Node 0: 0
[ 0.096479] Built 1 zonelists, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 262014
[ 0.096508] Policy zone: DMA32
[ 0.097125] mem auto-init: stack:all(zero), heap alloc:on, heap free:off
[ 0.097318] AGP: Checking aperture...
[ 0.099104] AGP: No AGP bridge found
[ 0.349372] SLUB: HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=1, Nodes=1
[ 0.353701] ftrace: allocating 56198 entries in 220 pages
[ 0.409726] ftrace: allocated 220 pages with 5 groups
[ 0.422365] Dynamic Preempt: voluntary
[ 0.427877] rcu: Preemptible hierarchical RCU implementation.
[ 0.427941] rcu: RCU restricting CPUs from NR_CPUS=8192 to nr_cpu_ids=1.
[ 0.428112] Trampoline variant of Tasks RCU enabled.
[ 0.428123] Rude variant of Tasks RCU enabled.
[ 0.428130] Tracing variant of Tasks RCU enabled.
[ 0.428255] rcu: RCU calculated value of scheduler-enlistment delay is 100 jiffies.
[ 0.428290] rcu: Adjusting geometry for rcu_fanout_leaf=16, nr_cpu_ids=1
[ 0.430033] RCU Tasks: Setting shift to 0 and lim to 1 rcu_task_cb_adjust=1 rcu_task_cpu_ids=1.
[ 0.430071] RCU Tasks Rude: Setting shift to 0 and lim to 1 rcu_task_cb_adjust=1 rcu_task_cpu_ids=1.
[ 0.430084] RCU Tasks Trace: Setting shift to 0 and lim to 1 rcu_task_cb_adjust=1 rcu_task_cpu_ids=1.
[ 0.459659] NR_IRQS: 524544, nr_irqs: 256, preallocated irqs: 16
[ 0.471796] rcu: srcu_init: Setting srcu_struct sizes based on contention.
[ 0.480013] Console: colour VGA+ 80x25
[ 0.482509] printk: legacy console [ttyS0] enabled
[ 0.520941] ACPI: Core revision 20240827
[ 0.530338] clocksource: hpet: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 19112604467 ns
[ 0.538396] APIC: Switch to symmetric I/O mode setup
[ 0.546649] ..TIMER: vector=0x30 apic1=0 pin1=2 apic2=-1 pin2=-1
[ 0.552864] clocksource: tsc-early: mask: 0xffffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x19e5c383d73, max_idle_ns: 440795275710 ns
[ 0.554075] Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer frequency.. 3593.28 BogoMIPS (lpj=1796640)
[ 0.560344] Last level iTLB entries: 4KB 512, 2MB 255, 4MB 127
[ 0.560645] Last level dTLB entries: 4KB 512, 2MB 255, 4MB 127, 1GB 0
[ 0.561764] Spectre V1 : Mitigation: usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization
[ 0.562402] Spectre V2 : Mitigation: Retpolines
[ 0.562653] Spectre V2 : Spectre v2 / SpectreRSB mitigation: Filling RSB on context switch
[ 0.563119] Spectre V2 : Spectre v2 / SpectreRSB : Filling RSB on VMEXIT
[ 0.567451] x86/fpu: x87 FPU will use FXSAVE
[ 1.036106] Freeing SMP alternatives memory: 48K
[ 1.037915] pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
[ 1.051633] LSM: initializing lsm=lockdown,capability,landlock,yama,apparmor,ima,evm
[ 1.056515] landlock: Up and running.
[ 1.056912] Yama: becoming mindful.
[ 1.064450] AppArmor: AppArmor initialized
[ 1.073537] Mount-cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
[ 1.074105] Mountpoint-cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
[ 1.223604] smpboot: CPU0: AMD QEMU Virtual CPU version 2.5+ (family: 0xf, model: 0x6b, stepping: 0x1)
[ 1.246116] Performance Events: PMU not available due to virtualization, using software events only.
[ 1.248732] signal: max sigframe size: 1440
[ 1.252116] rcu: Hierarchical SRCU implementation.
[ 1.252686] rcu: Max phase no-delay instances is 400.
[ 1.268498] NMI watchdog: Perf NMI watchdog permanently disabled
[ 1.273875] smp: Bringing up secondary CPUs ...
[ 1.277299] smp: Brought up 1 node, 1 CPU
[ 1.277954] smpboot: Total of 1 processors activated (3593.28 BogoMIPS)
[ 1.289088] Memory: 971260K/1048056K available (22528K kernel code, 4585K rwdata, 14292K rodata, 5060K init, 4496K bss, 71624K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)
[ 1.302379] devtmpfs: initialized
[ 1.308086] x86/mm: Memory block size: 128MB
[ 1.323010] clocksource: jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 1911260446275000 ns
[ 1.324106] futex hash table entries: 256 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
[ 1.333447] pinctrl core: initialized pinctrl subsystem
[ 1.340100] PM: RTC time: 13:36:43, date: 2024-11-23
[ 1.367174] NET: Registered PF_NETLINK/PF_ROUTE protocol family
[ 1.374193] DMA: preallocated 128 KiB GFP_KERNEL pool for atomic allocations
[ 1.375653] DMA: preallocated 128 KiB GFP_KERNEL|GFP_DMA pool for atomic allocations
[ 1.376412] DMA: preallocated 128 KiB GFP_KERNEL|GFP_DMA32 pool for atomic allocations
[ 1.377744] audit: initializing netlink subsys (disabled)
[ 1.381551] audit: type=2000 audit(1732369002.842:1): state=initialized audit_enabled=0 res=1
[ 1.392412] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'fair_share'
[ 1.392518] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'bang_bang'
[ 1.393048] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'step_wise'
[ 1.393429] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'user_space'
[ 1.393634] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'power_allocator'
[ 1.394805] EISA bus registered
[ 1.396131] cpuidle: using governor ladder
[ 1.396730] cpuidle: using governor menu
[ 1.399541] acpiphp: ACPI Hot Plug PCI Controller Driver version: 0.5
[ 1.406704] PCI: Using configuration type 1 for base access
[ 1.415250] kprobes: kprobe jump-optimization is enabled. All kprobes are optimized if possible.
[ 1.537068] HugeTLB: registered 2.00 MiB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages
[ 1.537565] HugeTLB: 28 KiB vmemmap can be freed for a 2.00 MiB page
[ 1.599747] ACPI: Added _OSI(Module Device)
[ 1.602712] ACPI: Added _OSI(Processor Device)
[ 1.603124] ACPI: Added _OSI(3.0 _SCP Extensions)
[ 1.603464] ACPI: Added _OSI(Processor Aggregator Device)
[ 1.651648] ACPI: 1 ACPI AML tables successfully acquired and loaded
[ 1.678706] ACPI: Interpreter enabled
[ 1.681068] ACPI: PM: (supports S0 S3 S4 S5)
[ 1.681456] ACPI: Using IOAPIC for interrupt routing
[ 1.684062] PCI: Using host bridge windows from ACPI; if necessary, use "pci=nocrs" and report a bug
[ 1.684671] PCI: Using E820 reservations for host bridge windows
[ 1.688793] ACPI: Enabled 2 GPEs in block 00 to 0F
[ 1.739365] ACPI: PCI Root Bridge [PCI0] (domain 0000 [bus 00-ff])
[ 1.740835] acpi PNP0A03:00: _OSC: OS supports [ASPM ClockPM Segments MSI EDR HPX-Type3]
[ 1.741766] acpi PNP0A03:00: _OSC: not requesting OS control; OS requires [ExtendedConfig ASPM ClockPM MSI]
[ 1.743352] acpi PNP0A03:00: fail to add MMCONFIG information, can't access extended configuration space under this bridge
[ 1.753022] acpiphp: Slot [3] registered
[ 1.753784] acpiphp: Slot [4] registered
[ 1.754190] acpiphp: Slot [5] registered
[ 1.754646] acpiphp: Slot [6] registered
[ 1.755107] acpiphp: Slot [7] registered
[ 1.755788] acpiphp: Slot [8] registered
[ 1.756218] acpiphp: Slot [9] registered
[ 1.756718] acpiphp: Slot [10] registered
[ 1.757097] acpiphp: Slot [11] registered
[ 1.757483] acpiphp: Slot [12] registered
[ 1.757737] acpiphp: Slot [13] registered
[ 1.758141] acpiphp: Slot [14] registered
[ 1.758726] acpiphp: Slot [15] registered
[ 1.759192] acpiphp: Slot [16] registered
[ 1.759743] acpiphp: Slot [17] registered
[ 1.760065] acpiphp: Slot [18] registered
[ 1.760501] acpiphp: Slot [19] registered
[ 1.760756] acpiphp: Slot [20] registered
[ 1.761138] acpiphp: Slot [21] registered
[ 1.761730] acpiphp: Slot [22] registered
[ 1.762197] acpiphp: Slot [23] registered
[ 1.762751] acpiphp: Slot [24] registered
[ 1.763097] acpiphp: Slot [25] registered
[ 1.763481] acpiphp: Slot [26] registered
[ 1.763763] acpiphp: Slot [27] registered
[ 1.764155] acpiphp: Slot [28] registered
[ 1.764788] acpiphp: Slot [29] registered
[ 1.765220] acpiphp: Slot [30] registered
[ 1.765924] acpiphp: Slot [31] registered
[ 1.766944] PCI host bridge to bus 0000:00
[ 1.767659] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [io 0x0000-0x0cf7 window]
[ 1.768277] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [io 0x0d00-0xffff window]
[ 1.768628] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x000a0000-0x000bffff window]
[ 1.769149] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x40000000-0xfebfffff window]
[ 1.769627] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x100000000-0x17fffffff window]
[ 1.770279] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [bus 00-ff]
[ 1.772753] pci 0000:00:00.0: [8086:1237] type 00 class 0x060000 conventional PCI endpoint
[ 1.780187] pci 0000:00:01.0: [8086:7000] type 00 class 0x060100 conventional PCI endpoint
[ 1.782023] pci 0000:00:01.1: [8086:7010] type 00 class 0x010180 conventional PCI endpoint
[ 1.785812] pci 0000:00:01.1: BAR 4 [io 0xc040-0xc04f]
[ 1.787421] pci 0000:00:01.1: BAR 0 [io 0x01f0-0x01f7]: legacy IDE quirk
[ 1.787664] pci 0000:00:01.1: BAR 1 [io 0x03f6]: legacy IDE quirk
[ 1.788078] pci 0000:00:01.1: BAR 2 [io 0x0170-0x0177]: legacy IDE quirk
[ 1.788647] pci 0000:00:01.1: BAR 3 [io 0x0376]: legacy IDE quirk
[ 1.790907] pci 0000:00:01.3: [8086:7113] type 00 class 0x068000 conventional PCI endpoint
[ 1.792237] pci 0000:00:01.3: quirk: [io 0x0600-0x063f] claimed by PIIX4 ACPI
[ 1.792686] pci 0000:00:01.3: quirk: [io 0x0700-0x070f] claimed by PIIX4 SMB
[ 1.795251] pci 0000:00:02.0: [1234:1111] type 00 class 0x030000 conventional PCI endpoint
[ 1.796247] pci 0000:00:02.0: BAR 0 [mem 0xfd000000-0xfdffffff pref]
[ 1.798211] pci 0000:00:02.0: BAR 2 [mem 0xfebb0000-0xfebb0fff]
[ 1.802646] pci 0000:00:02.0: ROM [mem 0xfeba0000-0xfebaffff pref]
[ 1.803796] pci 0000:00:02.0: Video device with shadowed ROM at [mem 0x000c0000-0x000dffff]
[ 1.806075] pci 0000:00:03.0: [8086:100e] type 00 class 0x020000 conventional PCI endpoint
[ 1.807651] pci 0000:00:03.0: BAR 0 [mem 0xfeb80000-0xfeb9ffff]
[ 1.808636] pci 0000:00:03.0: BAR 1 [io 0xc000-0xc03f]
[ 1.811662] pci 0000:00:03.0: ROM [mem 0xfeb00000-0xfeb7ffff pref]
[ 1.831838] ACPI: PCI: Interrupt link LNKA configured for IRQ 10
[ 1.833643] ACPI: PCI: Interrupt link LNKB configured for IRQ 10
[ 1.834902] ACPI: PCI: Interrupt link LNKC configured for IRQ 11
[ 1.836066] ACPI: PCI: Interrupt link LNKD configured for IRQ 11
[ 1.836903] ACPI: PCI: Interrupt link LNKS configured for IRQ 9
[ 1.843062] iommu: Default domain type: Translated
[ 1.843442] iommu: DMA domain TLB invalidation policy: lazy mode
[ 1.848714] SCSI subsystem initialized
[ 1.851332] ACPI: bus type USB registered
[ 1.852201] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
[ 1.853097] usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
[ 1.853877] usbcore: registered new device driver usb
[ 1.854869] pps_core: LinuxPPS API ver. 1 registered
[ 1.855198] pps_core: Software ver. 5.3.6 - Copyright 2005-2007 Rodolfo Giometti <giometti@linux.it>
[ 1.855731] PTP clock support registered
[ 1.858899] EDAC MC: Ver: 3.0.0
[ 1.877367] NetLabel: Initializing
[ 1.877635] NetLabel: domain hash size = 128
[ 1.877868] NetLabel: protocols = UNLABELED CIPSOv4 CALIPSO
[ 1.879978] NetLabel: unlabeled traffic allowed by default
[ 1.886770] mctp: management component transport protocol core
[ 1.887179] NET: Registered PF_MCTP protocol family
[ 1.888267] PCI: Using ACPI for IRQ routing
[ 1.891807] pci 0000:00:02.0: vgaarb: setting as boot VGA device
[ 1.892204] pci 0000:00:02.0: vgaarb: bridge control possible
[ 1.892586] pci 0000:00:02.0: vgaarb: VGA device added: decodes=io+mem,owns=io+mem,locks=none
[ 1.892667] vgaarb: loaded
[ 1.895700] hpet: 3 channels of 0 reserved for per-cpu timers
[ 1.896348] hpet0: at MMIO 0xfed00000, IRQs 2, 8, 0
[ 1.896644] hpet0: 3 comparators, 64-bit 100.000000 MHz counter
[ 1.907373] clocksource: Switched to clocksource tsc-early
[ 1.927646] VFS: Disk quotas dquot_6.6.0
[ 1.928385] VFS: Dquot-cache hash table entries: 512 (order 0, 4096 bytes)
[ 1.933244] AppArmor: AppArmor Filesystem Enabled
[ 1.934034] pnp: PnP ACPI init
[ 1.940445] pnp: PnP ACPI: found 6 devices
[ 1.976099] clocksource: acpi_pm: mask: 0xffffff max_cycles: 0xffffff, max_idle_ns: 2085701024 ns
[ 1.978537] NET: Registered PF_INET protocol family
[ 1.980470] IP idents hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes, linear)
[ 2.065606] tcp_listen_portaddr_hash hash table entries: 512 (order: 1, 8192 bytes, linear)
[ 2.066407] Table-perturb hash table entries: 65536 (order: 6, 262144 bytes, linear)
[ 2.066883] TCP established hash table entries: 8192 (order: 4, 65536 bytes, linear)
[ 2.067709] TCP bind hash table entries: 8192 (order: 6, 262144 bytes, linear)
[ 2.068606] TCP: Hash tables configured (established 8192 bind 8192)
[ 2.071071] MPTCP token hash table entries: 1024 (order: 2, 24576 bytes, linear)
[ 2.072013] UDP hash table entries: 512 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
[ 2.072711] UDP-Lite hash table entries: 512 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
[ 2.075460] NET: Registered PF_UNIX/PF_LOCAL protocol family
[ 2.076541] NET: Registered PF_XDP protocol family
[ 2.078307] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 4 [io 0x0000-0x0cf7 window]
[ 2.078756] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 5 [io 0x0d00-0xffff window]
[ 2.079093] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 6 [mem 0x000a0000-0x000bffff window]
[ 2.079544] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 7 [mem 0x40000000-0xfebfffff window]
[ 2.079911] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 8 [mem 0x100000000-0x17fffffff window]
[ 2.081309] pci 0000:00:01.0: PIIX3: Enabling Passive Release
[ 2.081783] pci 0000:00:00.0: Limiting direct PCI/PCI transfers
[ 2.082448] PCI: CLS 0 bytes, default 64
[ 2.094832] Trying to unpack rootfs image as initramfs...
[ 2.104888] Initialise system trusted keyrings
[ 2.112359] Key type blacklist registered
[ 2.115730] workingset: timestamp_bits=36 max_order=18 bucket_order=0
[ 2.117839] zbud: loaded
[ 2.149135] squashfs: version 4.0 (2009/01/31) Phillip Lougher
[ 2.162678] fuse: init (API version 7.41)
[ 2.177126] integrity: Platform Keyring initialized
[ 2.178740] integrity: Machine keyring initialized
[ 2.336917] Freeing initrd memory: 1276K
[ 2.337589] Key type asymmetric registered
[ 2.337858] Asymmetric key parser 'x509' registered
[ 2.339038] Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 243)
[ 2.342470] io scheduler mq-deadline registered
[ 2.346667] ledtrig-cpu: registered to indicate activity on CPUs
[ 2.348297] shpchp: Standard Hot Plug PCI Controller Driver version: 0.4
[ 2.354032] input: Power Button as /devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXPWRBN:00/input/input0
[ 2.359941] ACPI: button: Power Button [PWRF]
[ 2.367858] Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 32 ports, IRQ sharing enabled
[ 2.396034] 00:04: ttyS0 at I/O 0x3f8 (irq = 4, base_baud = 115200) is a 16550A
[ 2.440610] Linux agpgart interface v0.103
[ 2.444317] ACPI: bus type drm_connector registered
[ 2.480311] loop: module loaded
[ 2.501332] scsi host0: ata_piix
[ 2.507315] scsi host1: ata_piix
[ 2.508809] ata1: PATA max MWDMA2 cmd 0x1f0 ctl 0x3f6 bmdma 0xc040 irq 14 lpm-pol 0
[ 2.509511] ata2: PATA max MWDMA2 cmd 0x170 ctl 0x376 bmdma 0xc048 irq 15 lpm-pol 0
[ 2.521412] tun: Universal TUN/TAP device driver, 1.6
[ 2.523750] PPP generic driver version 2.4.2
[ 2.531056] i8042: PNP: PS/2 Controller [PNP0303:KBD,PNP0f13:MOU] at 0x60,0x64 irq 1,12
[ 2.536865] serio: i8042 KBD port at 0x60,0x64 irq 1
[ 2.537604] serio: i8042 AUX port at 0x60,0x64 irq 12
[ 2.540749] mousedev: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
[ 2.546359] rtc_cmos 00:05: RTC can wake from S4
[ 2.550612] input: AT Translated Set 2 keyboard as /devices/platform/i8042/serio0/input/input1
[ 2.556542] rtc_cmos 00:05: registered as rtc0
[ 2.558074] rtc_cmos 00:05: setting system clock to 2024-11-23T13:36:45 UTC (1732369005)
[ 2.560994] rtc_cmos 00:05: alarms up to one day, y3k, 242 bytes nvram, hpet irqs
[ 2.561812] i2c_dev: i2c /dev entries driver
[ 2.562843] device-mapper: core: CONFIG_IMA_DISABLE_HTABLE is disabled. Duplicate IMA measurements will not be recorded in the IMA log.
[ 2.563990] device-mapper: uevent: version 1.0.3
[ 2.566154] device-mapper: ioctl: 4.48.0-ioctl (2023-03-01) initialised: dm-devel@lists.linux.dev
[ 2.567769] platform eisa.0: Probing EISA bus 0
[ 2.568348] platform eisa.0: EISA: Cannot allocate resource for mainboard
[ 2.568874] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 1
[ 2.569331] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 2
[ 2.569695] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 3
[ 2.570034] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 4
[ 2.570447] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 5
[ 2.570826] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 6
[ 2.571178] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 7
[ 2.571596] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 8
[ 2.572010] platform eisa.0: EISA: Detected 0 cards
[ 2.572596] amd_pstate: the _CPC object is not present in SBIOS or ACPI disabled
[ 2.575286] drop_monitor: Initializing network drop monitor service
[ 2.578073] NET: Registered PF_INET6 protocol family
[ 2.607560] Segment Routing with IPv6
[ 2.608587] In-situ OAM (IOAM) with IPv6
[ 2.609726] NET: Registered PF_PACKET protocol family
[ 2.611089] Key type dns_resolver registered
[ 2.614990] IPI shorthand broadcast: enabled
[ 2.639498] sched_clock: Marking stable (2574087480, 65113412)->(2776835677, -137634785)
[ 2.643692] registered taskstats version 1
[ 2.648287] Loading compiled-in X.509 certificates
[ 2.667091] ata2: found unknown device (class 0)
[ 2.677459] ata2.00: ATAPI: QEMU DVD-ROM, 2.5+, max UDMA/100
[ 2.701581] scsi 1:0:0:0: CD-ROM QEMU QEMU DVD-ROM 2.5+ PQ: 0 ANSI: 5
[ 2.734996] sr 1:0:0:0: [sr0] scsi3-mmc drive: 4x/4x cd/rw xa/form2 tray
[ 2.735696] cdrom: Uniform CD-ROM driver Revision: 3.20
[ 2.738842] Demotion targets for Node 0: null
[ 2.742381] Key type .fscrypt registered
[ 2.742699] Key type fscrypt-provisioning registered
[ 2.767829] sr 1:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg0 type 5
[ 2.773049] Key type encrypted registered
[ 2.774318] AppArmor: AppArmor sha256 policy hashing enabled
[ 2.775729] ima: No TPM chip found, activating TPM-bypass!
[ 2.776339] Loading compiled-in module X.509 certificates
[ 2.776677] ima: Allocated hash algorithm: sha256
[ 2.780860] ima: No architecture policies found
[ 2.782065] evm: Initialising EVM extended attributes:
[ 2.782450] evm: security.selinux
[ 2.782637] evm: security.SMACK64
[ 2.782818] evm: security.SMACK64EXEC
[ 2.783006] evm: security.SMACK64TRANSMUTE
[ 2.783319] evm: security.SMACK64MMAP
[ 2.783557] evm: security.apparmor
[ 2.783725] evm: security.ima
[ 2.783881] evm: security.capability
[ 2.784113] evm: HMAC attrs: 0x1
[ 2.789370] PM: Magic number: 0:719:635
[ 2.791760] powernow_k8: Power state transitions not supported
[ 2.814307] RAS: Correctable Errors collector initialized.
[ 2.882909] clk: Disabling unused clocks
[ 2.883764] PM: genpd: Disabling unused power domains
[ 2.904566] Freeing unused decrypted memory: 2028K
[ 3.001126] Freeing unused kernel image (initmem) memory: 5060K
[ 3.001984] Write protecting the kernel read-only data: 36864k
[ 3.004320] Freeing unused kernel image (rodata/data gap) memory: 44K
[ 3.227919] x86/mm: Checked W+X mappings: passed, no W+X pages found.
[ 3.228916] tsc: Refined TSC clocksource calibration: 1796.606 MHz
[ 3.229654] clocksource: tsc: mask: 0xffffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x19e5a36c268, max_idle_ns: 440795214549 ns
[ 3.230430] clocksource: Switched to clocksource tsc
[ 3.233016] Run /init as init process
Hello, Linux Kernel!
sh: can't access tty; job control turned off
退出 QEMU 的方法是按下
Ctrl + a然后再按下x。
我们已经看到了 “Hello, Linux Kernel!”，这表示我们的内核已经成功启动了。
并且成功启动了 init 进程。
🎉 实验成功 🎉
你已经成功编译并启动了一个 Linux 内核。开启了你的 Linux 内核之旅。
