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本阶段主要针对C++面向对象编程技术做详细讲解，探讨C++中的核心和精髓。

This stage mainly provides a detailed explanation of C++ object-oriented programming techniques, exploring the core and essence of C++.

内存分区模型

C++程序在执行时，将内存大方向划分为4个区域

  • 代码区：存放函数体的二进制代码，由操作系统进行管理的
  • 全局区：存放全局变量和静态变量以及常量
  • 栈区：由编译器自动分配释放, 存放函数的参数值,局部变量等
  • 堆区：由程序员分配和释放,若程序员不释放,程序结束时由操作系统回收

内存四区意义：

不同区域存放的数据，赋予不同的生命周期, 给我们更大的灵活编程

Memory Partition Model

When a C++ program runs, memory is broadly divided into 4 regions

  • Code region: stores the binary code of function bodies, managed by the operating system
  • Global region: stores global variables, static variables, and constants
  • Stack region: automatically allocated and released by the compiler, storing function parameter values, local variables, etc.
  • Heap region: allocated and released by the programmer; if the programmer does not release it, the operating system reclaims it when the program ends

The significance of the four memory regions:

Data stored in different regions is given different life cycles, providing us with greater programming flexibility

程序运行前

​ 在程序编译后，生成了exe可执行程序，未执行该程序前分为两个区域

​ 代码区：

​ 存放 CPU 执行的机器指令

​ 代码区是共享的，共享的目的是对于频繁被执行的程序，只需要在内存中有一份代码即可

​ 代码区是只读的，使其只读的原因是防止程序意外地修改了它的指令

​ 全局区：

​ 全局变量和静态变量存放在此.

​ 全局区还包含了常量区, 字符串常量和其他常量也存放在此.

​ 该区域的数据在程序结束后由操作系统释放.

示例：

Before the Program Runs

​ After the program is compiled, an exe executable is generated. Before the program is executed, it is divided into two regions

​ Code region:

​ Stores the machine instructions executed by the CPU

​ The code region is shared, so that frequently executed programs only need one copy of the code in memory

​ The code region is read-only, to prevent the program from accidentally modifying its instructions

​ Global region:

​ Global variables and static variables are stored here.

​ The global region also contains the constant region; string constants and other constants are stored here as well.

​ The data in this region is released by the operating system after the program ends.

Example:

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//全局变量
int g_a = 10;
int g_b = 10;

//全局常量
const int c_g_a = 10;
const int c_g_b = 10;

int main() {

	//局部变量
	int a = 10;
	int b = 10;

	//打印地址
	cout << "局部变量a地址为： " << (int)&a << endl;
	cout << "局部变量b地址为： " << (int)&b << endl;

	cout << "全局变量g_a地址为： " <<  (int)&g_a << endl;
	cout << "全局变量g_b地址为： " <<  (int)&g_b << endl;

	//静态变量
	static int s_a = 10;
	static int s_b = 10;

	cout << "静态变量s_a地址为： " << (int)&s_a << endl;
	cout << "静态变量s_b地址为： " << (int)&s_b << endl;

	cout << "字符串常量地址为： " << (int)&"hello world" << endl;
	cout << "字符串常量地址为： " << (int)&"hello world1" << endl;

	cout << "全局常量c_g_a地址为： " << (int)&c_g_a << endl;
	cout << "全局常量c_g_b地址为： " << (int)&c_g_b << endl;

	const int c_l_a = 10;
	const int c_l_b = 10;
	cout << "局部常量c_l_a地址为： " << (int)&c_l_a << endl;
	cout << "局部常量c_l_b地址为： " << (int)&c_l_b << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

打印结果：

1545017602518

总结：

  • C++中在程序运行前分为全局区和代码区
  • 代码区特点是共享和只读
  • 全局区中存放全局变量、静态变量、常量
  • 常量区中存放 const修饰的全局常量 和 字符串常量

Print result:

1545017602518

Summary:

  • In C++, before the program runs, it is divided into the global region and the code region
  • The code region is characterized by sharing and being read-only
  • The global region stores global variables, static variables, and constants
  • The constant region stores const-modified global constants and string constants

程序运行后

​ 栈区：

​ 由编译器自动分配释放, 存放函数的参数值,局部变量等

​ 注意事项：不要返回局部变量的地址，栈区开辟的数据由编译器自动释放

示例：

After the Program Runs

​ Stack region:

​ Automatically allocated and released by the compiler, storing function parameter values, local variables, etc.

​ Note: do not return the address of a local variable; data opened on the stack is automatically released by the compiler

Example:

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int * func()
{
	int a = 10;
	return &a;
}

int main() {

	int *p = func();

	cout << *p << endl;
	cout << *p << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

​ 堆区：

​ 由程序员分配释放,若程序员不释放,程序结束时由操作系统回收

​ 在C++中主要利用new在堆区开辟内存

示例：

​ Heap region:

​ Allocated and released by the programmer; if the programmer does not release it, the operating system reclaims it when the program ends

​ In C++, new is mainly used to open memory on the heap

Example:

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int* func()
{
	int* a = new int(10);
	return a;
}

int main() {

	int *p = func();

	cout << *p << endl;
	cout << *p << endl;
    
	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

总结：

堆区数据由程序员管理开辟和释放
堆区数据利用new关键字进行开辟内存

Summary:

Heap data is opened and released by the programmer

Heap data is opened using the new keyword

new操作符

​ C++中利用new操作符在堆区开辟数据

​ 堆区开辟的数据，由程序员手动开辟，手动释放，释放利用操作符 delete

​ 语法：new 数据类型

​ 利用new创建的数据，会返回该数据对应的类型的指针

示例1： 基本语法

The new Operator

​ In C++, the new operator is used to open data on the heap

​ Data opened on the heap is manually opened and manually released by the programmer, using the delete operator for release

​ Syntax: new data type

​ Data created with new returns a pointer of the corresponding type of that data

Example 1: basic syntax

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int* func()
{
	int* a = new int(10);
	return a;
}

int main() {

	int *p = func();

	cout << *p << endl;
	cout << *p << endl;

	//利用delete释放堆区数据
	delete p;

	//cout << *p << endl; //报错，释放的空间不可访问

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

示例2：开辟数组

Example 2: opening an array

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//堆区开辟数组
int main() {

	int* arr = new int[10];

	for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
	{
		arr[i] = i + 100;
	}

	for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
	{
		cout << arr[i] << endl;
	}
	//释放数组 delete 后加 []
	delete[] arr;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

引用

引用的基本使用

**作用：**给变量起别名

语法： 数据类型 &别名 = 原名

示例：

References

Basic Use of References

Purpose: give a variable an alias

Syntax: data type &alias = original name

Example:

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int main() {

	int a = 10;
	int &b = a;

	cout << "a = " << a << endl;
	cout << "b = " << b << endl;

	b = 100;

	cout << "a = " << a << endl;
	cout << "b = " << b << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

引用注意事项

  • 引用必须初始化
  • 引用在初始化后，不可以改变

示例：

Reference Precautions

  • A reference must be initialized
  • After initialization, a reference cannot be changed

Example:

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int main() {

	int a = 10;
	int b = 20;
	//int &c; //错误，引用必须初始化
	int &c = a; //一旦初始化后，就不可以更改
	c = b; //这是赋值操作，不是更改引用

	cout << "a = " << a << endl;
	cout << "b = " << b << endl;
	cout << "c = " << c << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

引用做函数参数

**作用：**函数传参时，可以利用引用的技术让形参修饰实参

**优点：**可以简化指针修改实参

示例：

References as Function Parameters

Purpose: when passing parameters, the reference technique can be used to let formal parameters modify actual parameters

Advantage: it simplifies modifying actual parameters with pointers

Example:

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//1. 值传递
void mySwap01(int a, int b) {
	int temp = a;
	a = b;
	b = temp;
}

//2. 地址传递
void mySwap02(int* a, int* b) {
	int temp = *a;
	*a = *b;
	*b = temp;
}

//3. 引用传递
void mySwap03(int& a, int& b) {
	int temp = a;
	a = b;
	b = temp;
}

int main() {

	int a = 10;
	int b = 20;

	mySwap01(a, b);
	cout << "a:" << a << " b:" << b << endl;

	mySwap02(&a, &b);
	cout << "a:" << a << " b:" << b << endl;

	mySwap03(a, b);
	cout << "a:" << a << " b:" << b << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

总结：通过引用参数产生的效果同按地址传递是一样的。引用的语法更清楚简单

Summary: the effect of passing by reference parameters is the same as passing by address. The reference syntax is clearer and simpler

引用做函数返回值

作用：引用是可以作为函数的返回值存在的

注意：不要返回局部变量引用

用法：函数调用作为左值

示例：

References as Function Return Values

Purpose: a reference can exist as the return value of a function

Note: do not return references to local variables

Usage: function call used as an lvalue

Example:

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//返回局部变量引用
int& test01() {
	int a = 10; //局部变量
	return a;
}

//返回静态变量引用
int& test02() {
	static int a = 20;
	return a;
}

int main() {

	//不能返回局部变量的引用
	int& ref = test01();
	cout << "ref = " << ref << endl;
	cout << "ref = " << ref << endl;

	//如果函数做左值，那么必须返回引用
	int& ref2 = test02();
	cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;
	cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;

	test02() = 1000;

	cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;
	cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

​

引用的本质

本质：引用的本质在c++内部实现是一个指针常量.

讲解示例：

The Essence of References

Essence: the essence of a reference in C++ is internally implemented as a pointer constant.

Explanation example:

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//发现是引用，转换为 int* const ref = &a;
void func(int& ref){
	ref = 100; // ref是引用，转换为*ref = 100
}
int main(){
	int a = 10;
    
    //自动转换为 int* const ref = &a; 指针常量是指针指向不可改，也说明为什么引用不可更改
	int& ref = a; 
	ref = 20; //内部发现ref是引用，自动帮我们转换为: *ref = 20;
    
	cout << "a:" << a << endl;
	cout << "ref:" << ref << endl;
    
	func(a);
	return 0;
}

结论：C++推荐用引用技术，因为语法方便，引用本质是指针常量，但是所有的指针操作编译器都帮我们做了

Conclusion: C++ recommends using the reference technique because the syntax is convenient. The essence of a reference is a pointer constant, but the compiler does all the pointer operations for us

常量引用

**作用：**常量引用主要用来修饰形参，防止误操作

在函数形参列表中，可以加const修饰形参，防止形参改变实参

示例：

Constant References

Purpose: constant references are mainly used to modify formal parameters to prevent accidental operations

In the function formal parameter list, you can add const to modify the formal parameters to prevent the formal parameters from changing the actual parameters

Example:

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//引用使用的场景，通常用来修饰形参
void showValue(const int& v) {
	//v += 10;
	cout << v << endl;
}

int main() {

	//int& ref = 10;  引用本身需要一个合法的内存空间，因此这行错误
	//加入const就可以了，编译器优化代码，int temp = 10; const int& ref = temp;
	const int& ref = 10;

	//ref = 100;  //加入const后不可以修改变量
	cout << ref << endl;

	//函数中利用常量引用防止误操作修改实参
	int a = 10;
	showValue(a);

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

函数提高

函数默认参数

在C++中，函数的形参列表中的形参是可以有默认值的。

语法：返回值类型 函数名 （参数= 默认值）{}

示例：

Function Enhancement

Default Parameters of Functions

In C++, the formal parameters in a function’s parameter list can have default values.

Syntax: return type function name (parameter = default value){}

Example:

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int func(int a, int b = 10, int c = 10) {
	return a + b + c;
}

//1. 如果某个位置参数有默认值，那么从这个位置往后，从左向右，必须都要有默认值
//2. 如果函数声明有默认值，函数实现的时候就不能有默认参数
int func2(int a = 10, int b = 10);
int func2(int a, int b) {
	return a + b;
}

int main() {

	cout << "ret = " << func(20, 20) << endl;
	cout << "ret = " << func(100) << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

函数占位参数

C++中函数的形参列表里可以有占位参数，用来做占位，调用函数时必须填补该位置

语法： 返回值类型 函数名 (数据类型){}

在现阶段函数的占位参数存在意义不大，但是后面的课程中会用到该技术

示例：

Placeholder Parameters of Functions

In C++, the formal parameter list of a function can contain placeholder parameters, used for holding a position; when calling the function, that position must be filled

Syntax: return type function name (data type){}

At this stage, placeholder parameters do not have much significance, but this technique will be used in later courses

Example:

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//函数占位参数 ，占位参数也可以有默认参数
void func(int a, int) {
	cout << "this is func" << endl;
}

int main() {

	func(10,10); //占位参数必须填补

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

函数重载

函数重载概述

作用： 函数名可以相同，提高复用性

函数重载满足条件：

  • 同一个作用域下
  • 函数名称相同
  • 函数参数类型不同 或者 个数不同 或者 顺序不同

注意: 函数的返回值不可以作为函数重载的条件

示例：

Function Overloading

Overview of Function Overloading

Purpose: function names can be the same, improving reusability

Conditions for function overloading:

  • Under the same scope
  • Function names are the same
  • Function parameters have different types or different numbers or different order

Note: the return value of a function cannot be used as a condition for overloading

Example:

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//函数重载需要函数都在同一个作用域下
void func()
{
	cout << "func 的调用！" << endl;
}
void func(int a)
{
	cout << "func (int a) 的调用！" << endl;
}
void func(double a)
{
	cout << "func (double a)的调用！" << endl;
}
void func(int a ,double b)
{
	cout << "func (int a ,double b) 的调用！" << endl;
}
void func(double a ,int b)
{
	cout << "func (double a ,int b)的调用！" << endl;
}

//函数返回值不可以作为函数重载条件
//int func(double a, int b)
//{
//	cout << "func (double a ,int b)的调用！" << endl;
//}


int main() {

	func();
	func(10);
	func(3.14);
	func(10,3.14);
	func(3.14 , 10);
	
	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

函数重载注意事项

  • 引用作为重载条件
  • 函数重载碰到函数默认参数

示例：

Precautions for Function Overloading

  • References as overloading conditions
  • Function overloading encountering default parameters

Example:

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//函数重载注意事项
//1、引用作为重载条件

void func(int &a)
{
	cout << "func (int &a) 调用 " << endl;
}

void func(const int &a)
{
	cout << "func (const int &a) 调用 " << endl;
}


//2、函数重载碰到函数默认参数

void func2(int a, int b = 10)
{
	cout << "func2(int a, int b = 10) 调用" << endl;
}

void func2(int a)
{
	cout << "func2(int a) 调用" << endl;
}

int main() {
	
	int a = 10;
	func(a); //调用无const
	func(10);//调用有const


	//func2(10); //碰到默认参数产生歧义，需要避免

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

类和对象

C++面向对象的三大特性为：封装、继承、多态

C++认为万事万物都皆为对象，对象上有其属性和行为

例如：

​ 人可以作为对象，属性有姓名、年龄、身高、体重…，行为有走、跑、跳、吃饭、唱歌…

​ 车也可以作为对象，属性有轮胎、方向盘、车灯…,行为有载人、放音乐、放空调…

​ 具有相同性质的对象，我们可以抽象称为类，人属于人类，车属于车类

Classes and Objects

The three major features of C++ object-oriented programming are: encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism

C++ considers that everything is an object, and objects have their attributes and behaviors

For example:

​ A person can be an object, with attributes such as name, age, height, weight…, and behaviors such as walking, running, jumping, eating, singing…

​ A car can also be an object, with attributes such as tires, steering wheel, lights…, and behaviors such as carrying people, playing music, using the air conditioner…

​ Objects with the same properties can be abstracted as classes; people belong to the human class, cars belong to the car class

封装

封装的意义

封装是C++面向对象三大特性之一

封装的意义：

  • 将属性和行为作为一个整体，表现生活中的事物
  • 将属性和行为加以权限控制

封装意义一：

​ 在设计类的时候，属性和行为写在一起，表现事物

语法： class 类名{ 访问权限： 属性 / 行为 };

**示例1：**设计一个圆类，求圆的周长

示例代码：

Encapsulation

The Significance of Encapsulation

Encapsulation is one of the three major features of C++ object-oriented programming

The significance of encapsulation:

  • Treat attributes and behaviors as a whole to express things in life
  • Control access permissions for attributes and behaviors

Significance 1 of encapsulation:

​ When designing a class, write attributes and behaviors together to express things

Syntax: class class name{ access permission: attributes / behaviors };

Example 1: design a circle class to calculate the circumference of a circle

Example code:

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//圆周率
const double PI = 3.14;

//1、封装的意义
//将属性和行为作为一个整体，用来表现生活中的事物

//封装一个圆类，求圆的周长
//class代表设计一个类，后面跟着的是类名
class Circle
{
public:  //访问权限  公共的权限

	//属性
	int m_r;//半径

	//行为
	//获取到圆的周长
	double calculateZC()
	{
		//2 * pi  * r
		//获取圆的周长
		return  2 * PI * m_r;
	}
};

int main() {

	//通过圆类，创建圆的对象
	// c1就是一个具体的圆
	Circle c1;
	c1.m_r = 10; //给圆对象的半径 进行赋值操作

	//2 * pi * 10 = = 62.8
	cout << "圆的周长为： " << c1.calculateZC() << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

**示例2：**设计一个学生类，属性有姓名和学号，可以给姓名和学号赋值，可以显示学生的姓名和学号

示例2代码：

Example 2: design a student class with the attributes name and student ID. It can assign the name and student ID, and can display the student’s name and student ID

Example 2 code:

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//学生类
class Student {
public:
	void setName(string name) {
		m_name = name;
	}
	void setID(int id) {
		m_id = id;
	}

	void showStudent() {
		cout << "name:" << m_name << " ID:" << m_id << endl;
	}
public:
	string m_name;
	int m_id;
};

int main() {

	Student stu;
	stu.setName("德玛西亚");
	stu.setID(250);
	stu.showStudent();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

封装意义二：

类在设计时，可以把属性和行为放在不同的权限下，加以控制

访问权限有三种：

  1. public 公共权限
  2. protected 保护权限
  3. private 私有权限

示例：

Significance 2 of encapsulation:

When designing a class, attributes and behaviors can be placed under different permissions for control

There are three access permissions:

  1. public public permission
  2. protected protected permission
  3. private private permission

Example:

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//三种权限
//公共权限  public     类内可以访问  类外可以访问
//保护权限  protected  类内可以访问  类外不可以访问
//私有权限  private    类内可以访问  类外不可以访问

class Person
{
	//姓名  公共权限
public:
	string m_Name;

	//汽车  保护权限
protected:
	string m_Car;

	//银行卡密码  私有权限
private:
	int m_Password;

public:
	void func()
	{
		m_Name = "张三";
		m_Car = "拖拉机";
		m_Password = 123456;
	}
};

int main() {

	Person p;
	p.m_Name = "李四";
	//p.m_Car = "奔驰";  //保护权限类外访问不到
	//p.m_Password = 123; //私有权限类外访问不到

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

struct和class区别

在C++中 struct和class唯一的区别就在于 默认的访问权限不同

区别：

  • struct 默认权限为公共
  • class 默认权限为私有

The Difference Between struct and class

In C++, the only difference between struct and class is their default access permissions

Difference:

  • The default permission of struct is public
  • The default permission of class is private
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class C1
{
	int  m_A; //默认是私有权限
};

struct C2
{
	int m_A;  //默认是公共权限
};

int main() {

	C1 c1;
	c1.m_A = 10; //错误，访问权限是私有

	C2 c2;
	c2.m_A = 10; //正确，访问权限是公共

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

成员属性设置为私有

**优点1：**将所有成员属性设置为私有，可以自己控制读写权限

**优点2：**对于写权限，我们可以检测数据的有效性

示例：

Setting Member Attributes to Private

Advantage 1: setting all member attributes to private allows you to control read/write permissions yourself

Advantage 2: for write permissions, we can validate the validity of the data

Example:

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class Person {
public:

	//姓名设置可读可写
	void setName(string name) {
		m_Name = name;
	}
	string getName()
	{
		return m_Name;
	}


	//获取年龄 
	int getAge() {
		return m_Age;
	}
	//设置年龄
	void setAge(int age) {
		if (age < 0 || age > 150) {
			cout << "你个老妖精!" << endl;
			return;
		}
		m_Age = age;
	}

	//情人设置为只写
	void setLover(string lover) {
		m_Lover = lover;
	}

private:
	string m_Name; //可读可写  姓名
	
	int m_Age; //只读  年龄

	string m_Lover; //只写  情人
};


int main() {

	Person p;
	//姓名设置
	p.setName("张三");
	cout << "姓名： " << p.getName() << endl;

	//年龄设置
	p.setAge(50);
	cout << "年龄： " << p.getAge() << endl;

	//情人设置
	p.setLover("苍井");
	//cout << "情人： " << p.m_Lover << endl;  //只写属性，不可以读取

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

练习案例1：设计立方体类

设计立方体类(Cube)

求出立方体的面积和体积

分别用全局函数和成员函数判断两个立方体是否相等。

1545533548532

Practice case 1: design a Cube class

Design a Cube class

Calculate the surface area and volume of the cube

Use a global function and a member function respectively to determine whether two cubes are equal.

1545533548532

练习案例2：点和圆的关系

设计一个圆形类（Circle），和一个点类（Point），计算点和圆的关系。

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Practice case 2: the relationship between a point and a circle

Design a Circle class and a Point class, and calculate the relationship between a point and a circle.

1545533829184

对象的初始化和清理

  • 生活中我们买的电子产品都基本会有出厂设置，在某一天我们不用时候也会删除一些自己信息数据保证安全
  • C++中的面向对象来源于生活，每个对象也都会有初始设置以及 对象销毁前的清理数据的设置。

Initialization and Cleanup of Objects

  • Electronic products we buy in life basically have factory settings, and when we no longer use them one day, we also delete some of our own information data to ensure security
  • C++ object orientation originates from life; every object also has initial settings as well as cleanup settings before the object is destroyed.

构造函数和析构函数

对象的初始化和清理也是两个非常重要的安全问题

​ 一个对象或者变量没有初始状态，对其使用后果是未知

​ 同样的使用完一个对象或变量，没有及时清理，也会造成一定的安全问题

c++利用了构造函数和析构函数解决上述问题，这两个函数将会被编译器自动调用，完成对象初始化和清理工作。

对象的初始化和清理工作是编译器强制要我们做的事情，因此如果我们不提供构造和析构，编译器会提供

编译器提供的构造函数和析构函数是空实现。

  • 构造函数：主要作用在于创建对象时为对象的成员属性赋值，构造函数由编译器自动调用，无须手动调用。
  • 析构函数：主要作用在于对象销毁前系统自动调用，执行一些清理工作。

构造函数语法：类名(){}

  1. 构造函数，没有返回值也不写void
  2. 函数名称与类名相同
  3. 构造函数可以有参数，因此可以发生重载
  4. 程序在调用对象时候会自动调用构造，无须手动调用,而且只会调用一次

析构函数语法： ~类名(){}

  1. 析构函数，没有返回值也不写void
  2. 函数名称与类名相同,在名称前加上符号 ~
  3. 析构函数不可以有参数，因此不可以发生重载
  4. 程序在对象销毁前会自动调用析构，无须手动调用,而且只会调用一次

Constructors and Destructors

The initialization and cleanup of objects are also two very important safety issues

​ If an object or variable has no initial state, the consequences of using it are unknown

​ Similarly, if an object or variable is not cleaned up in time after use, it can also cause certain safety issues

c++ uses constructors and destructors to solve the above problems. These two functions will be automatically called by the compiler to complete object initialization and cleanup.

The initialization and cleanup of objects are things the compiler forces us to do, so if we do not provide a constructor and destructor, the compiler will provide them

The constructor and destructor provided by the compiler are empty implementations.

  • Constructor: its main role is to assign values to the member attributes of the object when creating the object. The constructor is automatically called by the compiler and does not need to be called manually.
  • Destructor: its main role is to be automatically called by the system before the object is destroyed to perform some cleanup work.

Constructor syntax: class name(){}

  1. The constructor has no return value and does not write void
  2. The function name is the same as the class name
  3. The constructor can have parameters, so overloading can occur
  4. When the program calls an object, the constructor is automatically called without manual invocation, and it is called only once

Destructor syntax: ~class name(){}

  1. The destructor has no return value and does not write void
  2. The function name is the same as the class name, with the symbol ~ added before the name
  3. The destructor cannot have parameters, so overloading cannot occur
  4. The destructor is automatically called before the object is destroyed, without manual invocation, and it is called only once
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class Person
{
public:
	//构造函数
	Person()
	{
		cout << "Person的构造函数调用" << endl;
	}
	//析构函数
	~Person()
	{
		cout << "Person的析构函数调用" << endl;
	}

};

void test01()
{
	Person p;
}

int main() {
	
	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

构造函数的分类及调用

两种分类方式：

​ 按参数分为： 有参构造和无参构造

​ 按类型分为： 普通构造和拷贝构造

三种调用方式：

​ 括号法

​ 显示法

​ 隐式转换法

示例：

Classification and Calling of Constructors

Two classification methods:

​ By parameters: parameterized constructors and non-parameterized constructors

​ By type: ordinary constructors and copy constructors

Three calling methods:

​ Parenthesis method

​ Explicit method

​ Implicit conversion method

Example:

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//1、构造函数分类
// 按照参数分类分为 有参和无参构造   无参又称为默认构造函数
// 按照类型分类分为 普通构造和拷贝构造

class Person {
public:
	//无参（默认）构造函数
	Person() {
		cout << "无参构造函数!" << endl;
	}
	//有参构造函数
	Person(int a) {
		age = a;
		cout << "有参构造函数!" << endl;
	}
	//拷贝构造函数
	Person(const Person& p) {
		age = p.age;
		cout << "拷贝构造函数!" << endl;
	}
	//析构函数
	~Person() {
		cout << "析构函数!" << endl;
	}
public:
	int age;
};

//2、构造函数的调用
//调用无参构造函数
void test01() {
	Person p; //调用无参构造函数
}

//调用有参的构造函数
void test02() {

	//2.1  括号法，常用
	Person p1(10);
	//注意1：调用无参构造函数不能加括号，如果加了编译器认为这是一个函数声明
	//Person p2();

	//2.2 显式法
	Person p2 = Person(10); 
	Person p3 = Person(p2);
	//Person(10)单独写就是匿名对象  当前行结束之后，马上析构

	//2.3 隐式转换法
	Person p4 = 10; // Person p4 = Person(10); 
	Person p5 = p4; // Person p5 = Person(p4); 

	//注意2：不能利用 拷贝构造函数 初始化匿名对象 编译器认为是对象声明
	//Person p5(p4);
}

int main() {

	test01();
	//test02();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

拷贝构造函数调用时机

C++中拷贝构造函数调用时机通常有三种情况

  • 使用一个已经创建完毕的对象来初始化一个新对象
  • 值传递的方式给函数参数传值
  • 以值方式返回局部对象

示例：

When the Copy Constructor Is Called

In C++, the copy constructor is usually called in three situations

  • Use an already created object to initialize a new object
  • Pass values to function parameters by value
  • Return a local object by value

Example:

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class Person {
public:
	Person() {
		cout << "无参构造函数!" << endl;
		mAge = 0;
	}
	Person(int age) {
		cout << "有参构造函数!" << endl;
		mAge = age;
	}
	Person(const Person& p) {
		cout << "拷贝构造函数!" << endl;
		mAge = p.mAge;
	}
	//析构函数在释放内存之前调用
	~Person() {
		cout << "析构函数!" << endl;
	}
public:
	int mAge;
};

//1. 使用一个已经创建完毕的对象来初始化一个新对象
void test01() {

	Person man(100); //p对象已经创建完毕
	Person newman(man); //调用拷贝构造函数
	Person newman2 = man; //拷贝构造

	//Person newman3;
	//newman3 = man; //不是调用拷贝构造函数，赋值操作
}

//2. 值传递的方式给函数参数传值
//相当于Person p1 = p;
void doWork(Person p1) {}
void test02() {
	Person p; //无参构造函数
	doWork(p);
}

//3. 以值方式返回局部对象
Person doWork2()
{
	Person p1;
	cout << (int *)&p1 << endl;
	return p1;
}

void test03()
{
	Person p = doWork2();
	cout << (int *)&p << endl;
}


int main() {

	//test01();
	//test02();
	test03();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

构造函数调用规则

默认情况下，c++编译器至少给一个类添加3个函数

1．默认构造函数(无参，函数体为空)

2．默认析构函数(无参，函数体为空)

3．默认拷贝构造函数，对属性进行值拷贝

构造函数调用规则如下：

  • 如果用户定义有参构造函数，c++不在提供默认无参构造，但是会提供默认拷贝构造

  • 如果用户定义拷贝构造函数，c++不会再提供其他构造函数

示例：

Constructor Calling Rules

By default, the C++ compiler adds at least 3 functions to a class

  1. Default constructor (no parameters, empty function body)

  2. Default destructor (no parameters, empty function body)

  3. Default copy constructor, which performs value copy of attributes

The constructor calling rules are as follows:

  • If the user defines a parameterized constructor, C++ no longer provides a default non-parameterized constructor, but it will provide a default copy constructor

  • If the user defines a copy constructor, C++ will no longer provide other constructors

Example:

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class Person {
public:
	//无参（默认）构造函数
	Person() {
		cout << "无参构造函数!" << endl;
	}
	//有参构造函数
	Person(int a) {
		age = a;
		cout << "有参构造函数!" << endl;
	}
	//拷贝构造函数
	Person(const Person& p) {
		age = p.age;
		cout << "拷贝构造函数!" << endl;
	}
	//析构函数
	~Person() {
		cout << "析构函数!" << endl;
	}
public:
	int age;
};

void test01()
{
	Person p1(18);
	//如果不写拷贝构造，编译器会自动添加拷贝构造，并且做浅拷贝操作
	Person p2(p1);

	cout << "p2的年龄为： " << p2.age << endl;
}

void test02()
{
	//如果用户提供有参构造，编译器不会提供默认构造，会提供拷贝构造
	Person p1; //此时如果用户自己没有提供默认构造，会出错
	Person p2(10); //用户提供的有参
	Person p3(p2); //此时如果用户没有提供拷贝构造，编译器会提供

	//如果用户提供拷贝构造，编译器不会提供其他构造函数
	Person p4; //此时如果用户自己没有提供默认构造，会出错
	Person p5(10); //此时如果用户自己没有提供有参，会出错
	Person p6(p5); //用户自己提供拷贝构造
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

深拷贝与浅拷贝

深浅拷贝是面试经典问题，也是常见的一个坑

浅拷贝：简单的赋值拷贝操作

深拷贝：在堆区重新申请空间，进行拷贝操作

示例：

Deep Copy and Shallow Copy

Deep and shallow copy is a classic interview question and also a common pitfall

Shallow copy: simple assignment copy operation

Deep copy: re-apply for space on the heap and perform the copy operation

Example:

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class Person {
public:
	//无参（默认）构造函数
	Person() {
		cout << "无参构造函数!" << endl;
	}
	//有参构造函数
	Person(int age ,int height) {
		
		cout << "有参构造函数!" << endl;

		m_age = age;
		m_height = new int(height);
		
	}
	//拷贝构造函数  
	Person(const Person& p) {
		cout << "拷贝构造函数!" << endl;
		//如果不利用深拷贝在堆区创建新内存，会导致浅拷贝带来的重复释放堆区问题
		m_age = p.m_age;
		m_height = new int(*p.m_height);
		
	}

	//析构函数
	~Person() {
		cout << "析构函数!" << endl;
		if (m_height != NULL)
		{
			delete m_height;
		}
	}
public:
	int m_age;
	int* m_height;
};

void test01()
{
	Person p1(18, 180);

	Person p2(p1);

	cout << "p1的年龄： " << p1.m_age << " 身高： " << *p1.m_height << endl;

	cout << "p2的年龄： " << p2.m_age << " 身高： " << *p2.m_height << endl;
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

总结：如果属性有在堆区开辟的，一定要自己提供拷贝构造函数，防止浅拷贝带来的问题

Summary: if attributes are opened on the heap, you must provide your own copy constructor to prevent the problems caused by shallow copy

初始化列表

作用：

C++提供了初始化列表语法，用来初始化属性

语法：构造函数()：属性1(值1),属性2（值2）... {}

示例：

Initialization Lists

Purpose:

C++ provides initialization list syntax to initialize attributes

Syntax: constructor(): attribute1(value1), attribute2(value2)... {}

Example:

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class Person {
public:

	////传统方式初始化
	//Person(int a, int b, int c) {
	//	m_A = a;
	//	m_B = b;
	//	m_C = c;
	//}

	//初始化列表方式初始化
	Person(int a, int b, int c) :m_A(a), m_B(b), m_C(c) {}
	void PrintPerson() {
		cout << "mA:" << m_A << endl;
		cout << "mB:" << m_B << endl;
		cout << "mC:" << m_C << endl;
	}
private:
	int m_A;
	int m_B;
	int m_C;
};

int main() {

	Person p(1, 2, 3);
	p.PrintPerson();


	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

类对象作为类成员

C++类中的成员可以是另一个类的对象，我们称该成员为 对象成员

例如：

Class Objects as Class Members

A member of a C++ class can be an object of another class; we call this member an object member

For example:

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class A {}
class B
{
    A a；
}

B类中有对象A作为成员，A为对象成员

那么当创建B对象时，A与B的构造和析构的顺序是谁先谁后？

示例：

In class B, object A is a member, so A is an object member

Then when creating a B object, whose constructor and destructor come first between A and B?

Example:

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class Phone
{
public:
	Phone(string name)
	{
		m_PhoneName = name;
		cout << "Phone构造" << endl;
	}

	~Phone()
	{
		cout << "Phone析构" << endl;
	}

	string m_PhoneName;

};


class Person
{
public:

	//初始化列表可以告诉编译器调用哪一个构造函数
	Person(string name, string pName) :m_Name(name), m_Phone(pName)
	{
		cout << "Person构造" << endl;
	}

	~Person()
	{
		cout << "Person析构" << endl;
	}

	void playGame()
	{
		cout << m_Name << " 使用" << m_Phone.m_PhoneName << " 牌手机! " << endl;
	}

	string m_Name;
	Phone m_Phone;

};
void test01()
{
	//当类中成员是其他类对象时，我们称该成员为 对象成员
	//构造的顺序是 ：先调用对象成员的构造，再调用本类构造
	//析构顺序与构造相反
	Person p("张三" , "苹果X");
	p.playGame();

}


int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

静态成员

静态成员就是在成员变量和成员函数前加上关键字static，称为静态成员

静态成员分为：

  • 静态成员变量
    • 所有对象共享同一份数据
    • 在编译阶段分配内存
    • 类内声明，类外初始化
  • 静态成员函数
    • 所有对象共享同一个函数
    • 静态成员函数只能访问静态成员变量

**示例1 ：**静态成员变量

Static Members

Static members are member variables and member functions preceded by the keyword static

Static members are divided into:

  • Static member variables
    • All objects share the same data
    • Memory is allocated at the compilation stage
    • Declared inside the class, initialized outside the class
  • Static member functions
    • All objects share the same function
    • Static member functions can only access static member variables

Example 1: static member variables

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class Person
{
	
public:

	static int m_A; //静态成员变量

	//静态成员变量特点：
	//1 在编译阶段分配内存
	//2 类内声明，类外初始化
	//3 所有对象共享同一份数据

private:
	static int m_B; //静态成员变量也是有访问权限的
};
int Person::m_A = 10;
int Person::m_B = 10;

void test01()
{
	//静态成员变量两种访问方式

	//1、通过对象
	Person p1;
	p1.m_A = 100;
	cout << "p1.m_A = " << p1.m_A << endl;

	Person p2;
	p2.m_A = 200;
	cout << "p1.m_A = " << p1.m_A << endl; //共享同一份数据
	cout << "p2.m_A = " << p2.m_A << endl;

	//2、通过类名
	cout << "m_A = " << Person::m_A << endl;


	//cout << "m_B = " << Person::m_B << endl; //私有权限访问不到
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

**示例2：**静态成员函数

Example 2: static member functions

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class Person
{

public:

	//静态成员函数特点：
	//1 程序共享一个函数
	//2 静态成员函数只能访问静态成员变量
	
	static void func()
	{
		cout << "func调用" << endl;
		m_A = 100;
		//m_B = 100; //错误，不可以访问非静态成员变量
	}

	static int m_A; //静态成员变量
	int m_B; // 
private:

	//静态成员函数也是有访问权限的
	static void func2()
	{
		cout << "func2调用" << endl;
	}
};
int Person::m_A = 10;


void test01()
{
	//静态成员变量两种访问方式

	//1、通过对象
	Person p1;
	p1.func();

	//2、通过类名
	Person::func();


	//Person::func2(); //私有权限访问不到
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

C++对象模型和this指针

成员变量和成员函数分开存储

在C++中，类内的成员变量和成员函数分开存储

只有非静态成员变量才属于类的对象上

C++ Object Model and the this Pointer

Member Variables and Member Functions Are Stored Separately

In C++, member variables and member functions inside a class are stored separately

Only non-static member variables belong to the object of the class

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class Person {
public:
	Person() {
		mA = 0;
	}
	//非静态成员变量占对象空间
	int mA;
	//静态成员变量不占对象空间
	static int mB; 
	//函数也不占对象空间，所有函数共享一个函数实例
	void func() {
		cout << "mA:" << this->mA << endl;
	}
	//静态成员函数也不占对象空间
	static void sfunc() {
	}
};

int main() {

	cout << sizeof(Person) << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

this指针概念

通过4.3.1我们知道在C++中成员变量和成员函数是分开存储的

每一个非静态成员函数只会诞生一份函数实例，也就是说多个同类型的对象会共用一块代码

那么问题是：这一块代码是如何区分那个对象调用自己的呢？

c++通过提供特殊的对象指针，this指针，解决上述问题。this指针指向被调用的成员函数所属的对象

this指针是隐含每一个非静态成员函数内的一种指针

this指针不需要定义，直接使用即可

this指针的用途：

  • 当形参和成员变量同名时，可用this指针来区分
  • 在类的非静态成员函数中返回对象本身，可使用return *this

The Concept of the this Pointer

From 4.3.1, we know that in C++, member variables and member functions are stored separately

Each non-static member function only produces one function instance, which means multiple objects of the same type share one piece of code

Then the question is: how does this piece of code distinguish which object calls it?

c++ solves the above problem by providing a special object pointer, the this pointer. The this pointer points to the object to which the called member function belongs

The this pointer is a pointer implicitly present in every non-static member function

The this pointer does not need to be defined; it can be used directly

The purposes of the this pointer:

  • When a formal parameter has the same name as a member variable, the this pointer can be used to distinguish them
  • To return the object itself in a non-static member function, use return *this
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class Person
{
public:

	Person(int age)
	{
		//1、当形参和成员变量同名时，可用this指针来区分
		this->age = age;
	}

	Person& PersonAddPerson(Person p)
	{
		this->age += p.age;
		//返回对象本身
		return *this;
	}

	int age;
};

void test01()
{
	Person p1(10);
	cout << "p1.age = " << p1.age << endl;

	Person p2(10);
	p2.PersonAddPerson(p1).PersonAddPerson(p1).PersonAddPerson(p1);
	cout << "p2.age = " << p2.age << endl;
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

空指针访问成员函数

C++中空指针也是可以调用成员函数的，但是也要注意有没有用到this指针

如果用到this指针，需要加以判断保证代码的健壮性

示例：

Null Pointers Accessing Member Functions

In C++, a null pointer can also call member functions, but you must also pay attention to whether the this pointer is used

If the this pointer is used, you need to check it to ensure the robustness of the code

Example:

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//空指针访问成员函数
class Person {
public:

	void ShowClassName() {
		cout << "我是Person类!" << endl;
	}

	void ShowPerson() {
		if (this == NULL) {
			return;
		}
		cout << mAge << endl;
	}

public:
	int mAge;
};

void test01()
{
	Person * p = NULL;
	p->ShowClassName(); //空指针，可以调用成员函数
	p->ShowPerson();  //但是如果成员函数中用到了this指针，就不可以了
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

const修饰成员函数

常函数：

  • 成员函数后加const后我们称为这个函数为常函数
  • 常函数内不可以修改成员属性
  • 成员属性声明时加关键字mutable后，在常函数中依然可以修改

常对象：

  • 声明对象前加const称该对象为常对象
  • 常对象只能调用常函数

示例：

const Modifying Member Functions

Constant functions:

  • After adding const after a member function, we call this function a constant function
  • Member attributes cannot be modified inside a constant function
  • After adding the keyword mutable when declaring a member attribute, it can still be modified in a constant function

Constant objects:

  • Adding const before declaring an object makes it a constant object
  • Constant objects can only call constant functions

Example:

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class Person {
public:
	Person() {
		m_A = 0;
		m_B = 0;
	}

	//this指针的本质是一个指针常量，指针的指向不可修改
	//如果想让指针指向的值也不可以修改，需要声明常函数
	void ShowPerson() const {
		//const Type* const pointer;
		//this = NULL; //不能修改指针的指向 Person* const this;
		//this->mA = 100; //但是this指针指向的对象的数据是可以修改的

		//const修饰成员函数，表示指针指向的内存空间的数据不能修改，除了mutable修饰的变量
		this->m_B = 100;
	}

	void MyFunc() const {
		//mA = 10000;
	}

public:
	int m_A;
	mutable int m_B; //可修改 可变的
};


//const修饰对象  常对象
void test01() {

	const Person person; //常量对象  
	cout << person.m_A << endl;
	//person.mA = 100; //常对象不能修改成员变量的值,但是可以访问
	person.m_B = 100; //但是常对象可以修改mutable修饰成员变量

	//常对象访问成员函数
	person.MyFunc(); //常对象不能调用const的函数

}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

友元

生活中你的家有客厅(Public)，有你的卧室(Private)

客厅所有来的客人都可以进去，但是你的卧室是私有的，也就是说只有你能进去

但是呢，你也可以允许你的好闺蜜好基友进去。

在程序里，有些私有属性 也想让类外特殊的一些函数或者类进行访问，就需要用到友元的技术

友元的目的就是让一个函数或者类 访问另一个类中私有成员

友元的关键字为 friend

友元的三种实现

  • 全局函数做友元
  • 类做友元
  • 成员函数做友元

Friend

In life, your home has a living room (Public) and your bedroom (Private)

All guests who come can enter the living room, but your bedroom is private, meaning only you can enter

However, you can also allow your close girlfriends or buddies to enter.

In programs, some private attributes also need to be accessed by special functions or classes outside the class, and that requires the friend technique

The purpose of a friend is to allow a function or class to access private members of another class

The keyword for a friend is friend

Three implementations of friend

  • Global function as friend
  • Class as friend
  • Member function as friend

全局函数做友元

Global Function as Friend

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class Building
{
	//告诉编译器 goodGay全局函数 是 Building类的好朋友，可以访问类中的私有内容
	friend void goodGay(Building * building);

public:

	Building()
	{
		this->m_SittingRoom = "客厅";
		this->m_BedRoom = "卧室";
	}


public:
	string m_SittingRoom; //客厅

private:
	string m_BedRoom; //卧室
};


void goodGay(Building * building)
{
	cout << "好基友正在访问： " << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
	cout << "好基友正在访问： " << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}


void test01()
{
	Building b;
	goodGay(&b);
}

int main(){

	test01();

	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

类做友元

Class as Friend

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class Building;
class goodGay
{
public:

	goodGay();
	void visit();

private:
	Building *building;
};


class Building
{
	//告诉编译器 goodGay类是Building类的好朋友，可以访问到Building类中私有内容
	friend class goodGay;

public:
	Building();

public:
	string m_SittingRoom; //客厅
private:
	string m_BedRoom;//卧室
};

Building::Building()
{
	this->m_SittingRoom = "客厅";
	this->m_BedRoom = "卧室";
}

goodGay::goodGay()
{
	building = new Building;
}

void goodGay::visit()
{
	cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
	cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}

void test01()
{
	goodGay gg;
	gg.visit();

}

int main(){

	test01();

	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

成员函数做友元

Member Function as Friend

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class Building;
class goodGay
{
public:

	goodGay();
	void visit(); //只让visit函数作为Building的好朋友，可以发访问Building中私有内容
	void visit2(); 

private:
	Building *building;
};


class Building
{
	//告诉编译器  goodGay类中的visit成员函数 是Building好朋友，可以访问私有内容
	friend void goodGay::visit();

public:
	Building();

public:
	string m_SittingRoom; //客厅
private:
	string m_BedRoom;//卧室
};

Building::Building()
{
	this->m_SittingRoom = "客厅";
	this->m_BedRoom = "卧室";
}

goodGay::goodGay()
{
	building = new Building;
}

void goodGay::visit()
{
	cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
	cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}

void goodGay::visit2()
{
	cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
	//cout << "好基友正在访问" << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}

void test01()
{
	goodGay  gg;
	gg.visit();

}

int main(){
    
	test01();

	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

运算符重载

运算符重载概念：对已有的运算符重新进行定义，赋予其另一种功能，以适应不同的数据类型

加号运算符重载

Operator Overloading

Operator overloading concept: redefine existing operators to give them another function, to adapt to different data types

Plus Operator Overloading

作用：实现两个自定义数据类型相加的运算

Purpose: implement the addition operation of two custom data types

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class Person {
public:
	Person() {};
	Person(int a, int b)
	{
		this->m_A = a;
		this->m_B = b;
	}
	//成员函数实现 + 号运算符重载
	Person operator+(const Person& p) {
		Person temp;
		temp.m_A = this->m_A + p.m_A;
		temp.m_B = this->m_B + p.m_B;
		return temp;
	}


public:
	int m_A;
	int m_B;
};

//全局函数实现 + 号运算符重载
//Person operator+(const Person& p1, const Person& p2) {
//	Person temp(0, 0);
//	temp.m_A = p1.m_A + p2.m_A;
//	temp.m_B = p1.m_B + p2.m_B;
//	return temp;
//}

//运算符重载 可以发生函数重载 
Person operator+(const Person& p2, int val)  
{
	Person temp;
	temp.m_A = p2.m_A + val;
	temp.m_B = p2.m_B + val;
	return temp;
}

void test() {

	Person p1(10, 10);
	Person p2(20, 20);

	//成员函数方式
	Person p3 = p2 + p1;  //相当于 p2.operaor+(p1)
	cout << "mA:" << p3.m_A << " mB:" << p3.m_B << endl;


	Person p4 = p3 + 10; //相当于 operator+(p3,10)
	cout << "mA:" << p4.m_A << " mB:" << p4.m_B << endl;

}

int main() {

	test();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

总结1：对于内置的数据类型的表达式的的运算符是不可能改变的

总结2：不要滥用运算符重载

Summary 1: operators for expressions of built-in data types cannot be changed

Summary 2: do not abuse operator overloading

左移运算符重载

作用：可以输出自定义数据类型

Left Shift Operator Overloading

Purpose: can output custom data types

类型 
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class Person {
	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person& p);

public:

	Person(int a, int b)
	{
		this->m_A = a;
		this->m_B = b;
	}

	//成员函数 实现不了  p << cout 不是我们想要的效果
	//void operator<<(Person& p){
	//}

private:
	int m_A;
	int m_B;
};

//全局函数实现左移重载
//ostream对象只能有一个
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person& p) {
	out << "a:" << p.m_A << " b:" << p.m_B;
	return out;
}

void test() {

	Person p1(10, 20);

	cout << p1 << "hello world" << endl; //链式编程
}

int main() {

	test();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

总结：重载左移运算符配合友元可以实现输出自定义数据类型

Summary: overloading the left shift operator with friend can output custom data types

递增运算符重载

作用： 通过重载递增运算符，实现自己的整型数据

Increment Operator Overloading

Purpose: implement your own integer data by overloading the increment operator

数据 
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class MyInteger {

	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, MyInteger myint);

public:
	MyInteger() {
		m_Num = 0;
	}
	//前置++
	MyInteger& operator++() {
		//先++
		m_Num++;
		//再返回
		return *this;
	}

	//后置++
	MyInteger operator++(int) {
		//先返回
		MyInteger temp = *this; //记录当前本身的值，然后让本身的值加1，但是返回的是以前的值，达到先返回后++；
		m_Num++;
		return temp;
	}

private:
	int m_Num;
};


ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, MyInteger myint) {
	out << myint.m_Num;
	return out;
}


//前置++ 先++ 再返回
void test01() {
	MyInteger myInt;
	cout << ++myInt << endl;
	cout << myInt << endl;
}

//后置++ 先返回 再++
void test02() {

	MyInteger myInt;
	cout << myInt++ << endl;
	cout << myInt << endl;
}

int main() {

	test01();
	//test02();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

总结： 前置递增返回引用，后置递增返回值

Summary: pre-increment returns a reference, post-increment returns a value

赋值运算符重载

c++编译器至少给一个类添加4个函数

  1. 默认构造函数(无参，函数体为空)
  2. 默认析构函数(无参，函数体为空)
  3. 默认拷贝构造函数，对属性进行值拷贝
  4. 赋值运算符 operator=, 对属性进行值拷贝

如果类中有属性指向堆区，做赋值操作时也会出现深浅拷贝问题

示例：

Assignment Operator Overloading

The C++ compiler adds at least 4 functions to a class

  1. Default constructor (no parameters, empty function body)
  2. Default destructor (no parameters, empty function body)
  3. Default copy constructor, which performs value copy of attributes
  4. Assignment operator operator=, which performs value copy of attributes

If an attribute in the class points to the heap, deep and shallow copy problems will also occur during assignment operations

Example:

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class Person
{
public:

	Person(int age)
	{
		//将年龄数据开辟到堆区
		m_Age = new int(age);
	}

	//重载赋值运算符 
	Person& operator=(Person &p)
	{
		if (m_Age != NULL)
		{
			delete m_Age;
			m_Age = NULL;
		}
		//编译器提供的代码是浅拷贝
		//m_Age = p.m_Age;

		//提供深拷贝 解决浅拷贝的问题
		m_Age = new int(*p.m_Age);

		//返回自身
		return *this;
	}


	~Person()
	{
		if (m_Age != NULL)
		{
			delete m_Age;
			m_Age = NULL;
		}
	}

	//年龄的指针
	int *m_Age;

};


void test01()
{
	Person p1(18);

	Person p2(20);

	Person p3(30);

	p3 = p2 = p1; //赋值操作

	cout << "p1的年龄为：" << *p1.m_Age << endl;

	cout << "p2的年龄为：" << *p2.m_Age << endl;

	cout << "p3的年龄为：" << *p3.m_Age << endl;
}

int main() {

	test01();

	//int a = 10;
	//int b = 20;
	//int c = 30;

	//c = b = a;
	//cout << "a = " << a << endl;
	//cout << "b = " << b << endl;
	//cout << "c = " << c << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

关系运算符重载

**作用：**重载关系运算符，可以让两个自定义类型对象进行对比操作

示例：

Relational Operator Overloading

Purpose: overloading relational operators allows two custom-type objects to be compared

Example:

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class Person
{
public:
	Person(string name, int age)
	{
		this->m_Name = name;
		this->m_Age = age;
	};

	bool operator==(Person & p)
	{
		if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age)
		{
			return true;
		}
		else
		{
			return false;
		}
	}

	bool operator!=(Person & p)
	{
		if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age)
		{
			return false;
		}
		else
		{
			return true;
		}
	}

	string m_Name;
	int m_Age;
};

void test01()
{
	//int a = 0;
	//int b = 0;

	Person a("孙悟空", 18);
	Person b("孙悟空", 18);

	if (a == b)
	{
		cout << "a和b相等" << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "a和b不相等" << endl;
	}

	if (a != b)
	{
		cout << "a和b不相等" << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "a和b相等" << endl;
	}
}


int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

函数调用运算符重载

  • 函数调用运算符 () 也可以重载
  • 由于重载后使用的方式非常像函数的调用，因此称为仿函数
  • 仿函数没有固定写法，非常灵活

示例：

Function Call Operator Overloading

  • The function call operator () can also be overloaded
  • Because the way it is used after overloading is very similar to calling a function, it is called a functor
  • There is no fixed way to write a functor; it is very flexible

Example:

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class MyPrint
{
public:
	void operator()(string text)
	{
		cout << text << endl;
	}

};
void test01()
{
	//重载的（）操作符 也称为仿函数
	MyPrint myFunc;
	myFunc("hello world");
}


class MyAdd
{
public:
	int operator()(int v1, int v2)
	{
		return v1 + v2;
	}
};

void test02()
{
	MyAdd add;
	int ret = add(10, 10);
	cout << "ret = " << ret << endl;

	//匿名对象调用  
	cout << "MyAdd()(100,100) = " << MyAdd()(100, 100) << endl;
}

int main() {

	test01();
	test02();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

继承

继承是面向对象三大特性之一

有些类与类之间存在特殊的关系，例如下图中：

1544861202252

我们发现，定义这些类时，下级别的成员除了拥有上一级的共性，还有自己的特性。

这个时候我们就可以考虑利用继承的技术，减少重复代码

Inheritance

Inheritance is one of the three major features of object-oriented programming

Some classes have special relationships with each other, for example in the figure below:

1544861202252

We find that when defining these classes, the lower-level members not only have the commonalities of the upper level, but also have their own characteristics.

At this time, we can consider using the inheritance technique to reduce duplicate code

继承的基本语法

例如我们看到很多网站中，都有公共的头部，公共的底部，甚至公共的左侧列表，只有中心内容不同

接下来我们分别利用普通写法和继承的写法来实现网页中的内容，看一下继承存在的意义以及好处

普通实现：

Basic Syntax of Inheritance

For example, we see that many websites have a common header, a common footer, and even a common left-side list; only the central content differs

Next, we will use the ordinary approach and the inheritance approach to implement the content of a webpage, and see the significance and benefits of inheritance

Ordinary implementation:

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//Java页面
class Java 
{
public:
	void header()
	{
		cout << "首页、公开课、登录、注册...（公共头部）" << endl;
	}
	void footer()
	{
		cout << "帮助中心、交流合作、站内地图...(公共底部)" << endl;
	}
	void left()
	{
		cout << "Java,Python,C++...(公共分类列表)" << endl;
	}
	void content()
	{
		cout << "JAVA学科视频" << endl;
	}
};
//Python页面
class Python
{
public:
	void header()
	{
		cout << "首页、公开课、登录、注册...（公共头部）" << endl;
	}
	void footer()
	{
		cout << "帮助中心、交流合作、站内地图...(公共底部)" << endl;
	}
	void left()
	{
		cout << "Java,Python,C++...(公共分类列表)" << endl;
	}
	void content()
	{
		cout << "Python学科视频" << endl;
	}
};
//C++页面
class CPP 
{
public:
	void header()
	{
		cout << "首页、公开课、登录、注册...（公共头部）" << endl;
	}
	void footer()
	{
		cout << "帮助中心、交流合作、站内地图...(公共底部)" << endl;
	}
	void left()
	{
		cout << "Java,Python,C++...(公共分类列表)" << endl;
	}
	void content()
	{
		cout << "C++学科视频" << endl;
	}
};

void test01()
{
	//Java页面
	cout << "Java下载视频页面如下： " << endl;
	Java ja;
	ja.header();
	ja.footer();
	ja.left();
	ja.content();
	cout << "--------------------" << endl;

	//Python页面
	cout << "Python下载视频页面如下： " << endl;
	Python py;
	py.header();
	py.footer();
	py.left();
	py.content();
	cout << "--------------------" << endl;

	//C++页面
	cout << "C++下载视频页面如下： " << endl;
	CPP cp;
	cp.header();
	cp.footer();
	cp.left();
	cp.content();

}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

继承实现：

Inheritance implementation:

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//公共页面
class BasePage
{
public:
	void header()
	{
		cout << "首页、公开课、登录、注册...（公共头部）" << endl;
	}

	void footer()
	{
		cout << "帮助中心、交流合作、站内地图...(公共底部)" << endl;
	}
	void left()
	{
		cout << "Java,Python,C++...(公共分类列表)" << endl;
	}

};

//Java页面
class Java : public BasePage
{
public:
	void content()
	{
		cout << "JAVA学科视频" << endl;
	}
};
//Python页面
class Python : public BasePage
{
public:
	void content()
	{
		cout << "Python学科视频" << endl;
	}
};
//C++页面
class CPP : public BasePage
{
public:
	void content()
	{
		cout << "C++学科视频" << endl;
	}
};

void test01()
{
	//Java页面
	cout << "Java下载视频页面如下： " << endl;
	Java ja;
	ja.header();
	ja.footer();
	ja.left();
	ja.content();
	cout << "--------------------" << endl;

	//Python页面
	cout << "Python下载视频页面如下： " << endl;
	Python py;
	py.header();
	py.footer();
	py.left();
	py.content();
	cout << "--------------------" << endl;

	//C++页面
	cout << "C++下载视频页面如下： " << endl;
	CPP cp;
	cp.header();
	cp.footer();
	cp.left();
	cp.content();


}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

总结：

继承的好处：可以减少重复的代码

class A : public B;

A 类称为子类 或 派生类

B 类称为父类 或 基类

派生类中的成员，包含两大部分：

一类是从基类继承过来的，一类是自己增加的成员。

从基类继承过过来的表现其共性，而新增的成员体现了其个性。

Summary:

The benefit of inheritance: it can reduce duplicate code

class A : public B;

A is called the subclass or derived class

B is called the parent class or base class

The members in a derived class consist of two major parts:

One part is inherited from the base class, and the other part is members added by itself.
The ones inherited from the base class express commonality, while the newly added members express its individuality.

继承方式

继承的语法：class 子类 : 继承方式 父类

继承方式一共有三种：

  • 公共继承
  • 保护继承
  • 私有继承

img

示例：

Inheritance Methods

Inheritance syntax: class subclass : inheritance method parent class

There are three inheritance methods in total:

  • Public inheritance
  • Protected inheritance
  • Private inheritance

img

Example:

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class Base1
{
public: 
	int m_A;
protected:
	int m_B;
private:
	int m_C;
};

//公共继承
class Son1 :public Base1
{
public:
	void func()
	{
		m_A; //可访问 public权限
		m_B; //可访问 protected权限
		//m_C; //不可访问
	}
};

void myClass()
{
	Son1 s1;
	s1.m_A; //其他类只能访问到公共权限
}

//保护继承
class Base2
{
public:
	int m_A;
protected:
	int m_B;
private:
	int m_C;
};
class Son2:protected Base2
{
public:
	void func()
	{
		m_A; //可访问 protected权限
		m_B; //可访问 protected权限
		//m_C; //不可访问
	}
};
void myClass2()
{
	Son2 s;
	//s.m_A; //不可访问
}

//私有继承
class Base3
{
public:
	int m_A;
protected:
	int m_B;
private:
	int m_C;
};
class Son3:private Base3
{
public:
	void func()
	{
		m_A; //可访问 private权限
		m_B; //可访问 private权限
		//m_C; //不可访问
	}
};
class GrandSon3 :public Son3
{
public:
	void func()
	{
		//Son3是私有继承，所以继承Son3的属性在GrandSon3中都无法访问到
		//m_A;
		//m_B;
		//m_C;
	}
};

继承中的对象模型

**问题：**从父类继承过来的成员，哪些属于子类对象中？

示例：

The Object Model in Inheritance

Question: among the members inherited from the parent class, which ones belong to the subclass object?

Example:

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class Base
{
public:
	int m_A;
protected:
	int m_B;
private:
	int m_C; //私有成员只是被隐藏了，但是还是会继承下去
};

//公共继承
class Son :public Base
{
public:
	int m_D;
};

void test01()
{
	cout << "sizeof Son = " << sizeof(Son) << endl;
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

利用工具查看：

1545881904150

打开工具窗口后，定位到当前CPP文件的盘符

然后输入： cl /d1 reportSingleClassLayout查看的类名 所属文件名

效果如下图：

1545882158050

结论： 父类中私有成员也是被子类继承下去了，只是由编译器给隐藏后访问不到

Use a tool to view:

1545881904150

After opening the tool window, locate the drive letter of the current CPP file

Then enter: cl /d1 reportSingleClassLayout the class name to view the name of the file it belongs to

The effect is shown in the figure below:

1545882158050

Conclusion: the private members in the parent class are also inherited by the subclass, but they are hidden by the compiler and cannot be accessed

继承中构造和析构顺序

子类继承父类后，当创建子类对象，也会调用父类的构造函数

问题：父类和子类的构造和析构顺序是谁先谁后？

示例：

Constructor and Destructor Order in Inheritance

After a subclass inherits from the parent class, creating a subclass object will also call the parent class constructor

Question: whose constructor and destructor comes first, the parent class or the subclass?

Example:

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class Base 
{
public:
	Base()
	{
		cout << "Base构造函数!" << endl;
	}
	~Base()
	{
		cout << "Base析构函数!" << endl;
	}
};

class Son : public Base
{
public:
	Son()
	{
		cout << "Son构造函数!" << endl;
	}
	~Son()
	{
		cout << "Son析构函数!" << endl;
	}

};


void test01()
{
	//继承中 先调用父类构造函数，再调用子类构造函数，析构顺序与构造相反
	Son s;
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

总结：继承中 先调用父类构造函数，再调用子类构造函数，析构顺序与构造相反

Summary: in inheritance, the parent class constructor is called first, then the subclass constructor; the destructor order is the opposite of the constructor order

继承同名成员处理方式

问题：当子类与父类出现同名的成员，如何通过子类对象，访问到子类或父类中同名的数据呢？

  • 访问子类同名成员 直接访问即可
  • 访问父类同名成员 需要加作用域

示例：

Handling Members with the Same Name in Inheritance

Question: when the subclass and the parent class have members with the same name, how can the subclass object access the same-named data in the subclass or parent class?

  • To access the same-named member of the subclass, access it directly
  • To access the same-named member of the parent class, you need to add the scope

Example:

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class Base {
public:
	Base()
	{
		m_A = 100;
	}

	void func()
	{
		cout << "Base - func()调用" << endl;
	}

	void func(int a)
	{
		cout << "Base - func(int a)调用" << endl;
	}

public:
	int m_A;
};


class Son : public Base {
public:
	Son()
	{
		m_A = 200;
	}

	//当子类与父类拥有同名的成员函数，子类会隐藏父类中所有版本的同名成员函数
	//如果想访问父类中被隐藏的同名成员函数，需要加父类的作用域
	void func()
	{
		cout << "Son - func()调用" << endl;
	}
public:
	int m_A;
};

void test01()
{
	Son s;

	cout << "Son下的m_A = " << s.m_A << endl;
	cout << "Base下的m_A = " << s.Base::m_A << endl;

	s.func();
	s.Base::func();
	s.Base::func(10);

}
int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");
	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

总结：

  1. 子类对象可以直接访问到子类中同名成员
  2. 子类对象加作用域可以访问到父类同名成员
  3. 当子类与父类拥有同名的成员函数，子类会隐藏父类中同名成员函数，加作用域可以访问到父类中同名函数

Summary:

  1. A subclass object can directly access the same-named members in the subclass
  2. A subclass object can access the same-named members of the parent class by adding the scope
  3. When the subclass and the parent class have same-named member functions, the subclass hides the parent class’s same-named member functions; adding the scope can access the same-named functions in the parent class

继承同名静态成员处理方式

问题：继承中同名的静态成员在子类对象上如何进行访问？

静态成员和非静态成员出现同名，处理方式一致

  • 访问子类同名成员 直接访问即可
  • 访问父类同名成员 需要加作用域

示例：

Handling Same-Named Static Members in Inheritance

Question: how are same-named static members in inheritance accessed on subclass objects?

Static and non-static members with the same name are handled in the same way

  • To access the same-named member of the subclass, access it directly
  • To access the same-named member of the parent class, you need to add the scope

Example:

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class Base {
public:
	static void func()
	{
		cout << "Base - static void func()" << endl;
	}
	static void func(int a)
	{
		cout << "Base - static void func(int a)" << endl;
	}

	static int m_A;
};

int Base::m_A = 100;

class Son : public Base {
public:
	static void func()
	{
		cout << "Son - static void func()" << endl;
	}
	static int m_A;
};

int Son::m_A = 200;

//同名成员属性
void test01()
{
	//通过对象访问
	cout << "通过对象访问： " << endl;
	Son s;
	cout << "Son  下 m_A = " << s.m_A << endl;
	cout << "Base 下 m_A = " << s.Base::m_A << endl;

	//通过类名访问
	cout << "通过类名访问： " << endl;
	cout << "Son  下 m_A = " << Son::m_A << endl;
	cout << "Base 下 m_A = " << Son::Base::m_A << endl;
}

//同名成员函数
void test02()
{
	//通过对象访问
	cout << "通过对象访问： " << endl;
	Son s;
	s.func();
	s.Base::func();

	cout << "通过类名访问： " << endl;
	Son::func();
	Son::Base::func();
	//出现同名，子类会隐藏掉父类中所有同名成员函数，需要加作作用域访问
	Son::Base::func(100);
}
int main() {

	//test01();
	test02();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

总结：同名静态成员处理方式和非静态处理方式一样，只不过有两种访问的方式（通过对象 和 通过类名）

Summary: same-named static members are handled the same way as non-static members, except that there are two ways to access them (through objects and through class names)

多继承语法

C++允许一个类继承多个类

语法：class 子类 ：继承方式 父类1 ， 继承方式 父类2...

多继承可能会引发父类中有同名成员出现，需要加作用域区分

C++实际开发中不建议用多继承

示例：

Multiple Inheritance Syntax

C++ allows a class to inherit from multiple classes

Syntax: class subclass ：inheritance method parent class 1 ， inheritance method parent class 2...

Multiple inheritance may cause same-named members to appear in the parent classes, and the scope needs to be added to distinguish them

Multiple inheritance is not recommended in actual C++ development

Example:

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class Base1 {
public:
	Base1()
	{
		m_A = 100;
	}
public:
	int m_A;
};

class Base2 {
public:
	Base2()
	{
		m_A = 200;  //开始是m_B 不会出问题，但是改为mA就会出现不明确
	}
public:
	int m_A;
};

//语法：class 子类：继承方式 父类1 ，继承方式 父类2 
class Son : public Base2, public Base1 
{
public:
	Son()
	{
		m_C = 300;
		m_D = 400;
	}
public:
	int m_C;
	int m_D;
};


//多继承容易产生成员同名的情况
//通过使用类名作用域可以区分调用哪一个基类的成员
void test01()
{
	Son s;
	cout << "sizeof Son = " << sizeof(s) << endl;
	cout << s.Base1::m_A << endl;
	cout << s.Base2::m_A << endl;
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

总结： 多继承中如果父类中出现了同名情况，子类使用时候要加作用域

Summary: in multiple inheritance, if same-named members appear in the parent classes, the subclass must add the scope when using them

菱形继承

菱形继承概念：

​ 两个派生类继承同一个基类

​ 又有某个类同时继承者两个派生类

​ 这种继承被称为菱形继承，或者钻石继承

典型的菱形继承案例：

IMG_256

菱形继承问题：

  1. 羊继承了动物的数据，驼同样继承了动物的数据，当草泥马使用数据时，就会产生二义性。

  2. 草泥马继承自动物的数据继承了两份，其实我们应该清楚，这份数据我们只需要一份就可以。

示例：

Diamond Inheritance

Diamond inheritance concept:

​ Two derived classes inherit from the same base class

​ Some class inherits from both derived classes at the same time

​ This kind of inheritance is called diamond inheritance, or diamond-shaped inheritance

Typical diamond inheritance case:

IMG_256

Diamond inheritance problems:

  1. Sheep inherited the data of Animal, and Camel also inherited the data of Animal. When Alpaca uses the data, ambiguity occurs.

  2. Alpaca inherited the data of Animal twice. Actually, we should be clear that we only need one copy of this data.

Example:

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class Animal
{
public:
	int m_Age;
};

//继承前加virtual关键字后，变为虚继承
//此时公共的父类Animal称为虚基类
class Sheep : virtual public Animal {};
class Tuo   : virtual public Animal {};
class SheepTuo : public Sheep, public Tuo {};

void test01()
{
	SheepTuo st;
	st.Sheep::m_Age = 100;
	st.Tuo::m_Age = 200;

	cout << "st.Sheep::m_Age = " << st.Sheep::m_Age << endl;
	cout << "st.Tuo::m_Age = " <<  st.Tuo::m_Age << endl;
	cout << "st.m_Age = " << st.m_Age << endl;
}


int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

总结：

  • 菱形继承带来的主要问题是子类继承两份相同的数据，导致资源浪费以及毫无意义
  • 利用虚继承可以解决菱形继承问题

Summary:

  • The main problem brought by diamond inheritance is that the subclass inherits two copies of the same data, causing resource waste and being meaningless
  • Virtual inheritance can be used to solve the diamond inheritance problem

多态

多态的基本概念

多态是C++面向对象三大特性之一

多态分为两类

  • 静态多态: 函数重载 和 运算符重载属于静态多态，复用函数名
  • 动态多态: 派生类和虚函数实现运行时多态

静态多态和动态多态区别：

  • 静态多态的函数地址早绑定 - 编译阶段确定函数地址
  • 动态多态的函数地址晚绑定 - 运行阶段确定函数地址

下面通过案例进行讲解多态

Polymorphism

Basic Concepts of Polymorphism

Polymorphism is one of the three major features of C++ object-oriented programming

Polymorphism is divided into two types

  • Static polymorphism: function overloading and operator overloading belong to static polymorphism, reusing function names
  • Dynamic polymorphism: derived classes and virtual functions implement runtime polymorphism

The difference between static polymorphism and dynamic polymorphism:

  • The function address of static polymorphism is bound early - the function address is determined at the compilation stage
  • The function address of dynamic polymorphism is bound late - the function address is determined at the runtime stage

The following case explains polymorphism

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class Animal
{
public:
	//Speak函数就是虚函数
	//函数前面加上virtual关键字，变成虚函数，那么编译器在编译的时候就不能确定函数调用了。
	virtual void speak()
	{
		cout << "动物在说话" << endl;
	}
};

class Cat :public Animal
{
public:
	void speak()
	{
		cout << "小猫在说话" << endl;
	}
};

class Dog :public Animal
{
public:

	void speak()
	{
		cout << "小狗在说话" << endl;
	}

};
//我们希望传入什么对象，那么就调用什么对象的函数
//如果函数地址在编译阶段就能确定，那么静态联编
//如果函数地址在运行阶段才能确定，就是动态联编

void DoSpeak(Animal & animal)
{
	animal.speak();
}
//
//多态满足条件： 
//1、有继承关系
//2、子类重写父类中的虚函数
//多态使用：
//父类指针或引用指向子类对象

void test01()
{
	Cat cat;
	DoSpeak(cat);


	Dog dog;
	DoSpeak(dog);
}


int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

总结：

多态满足条件

  • 有继承关系
  • 子类重写父类中的虚函数

多态使用条件

  • 父类指针或引用指向子类对象

重写：函数返回值类型 函数名 参数列表 完全一致称为重写

Summary:

Conditions for polymorphism

  • There is an inheritance relationship
  • The subclass overrides the virtual function of the parent class

Conditions for using polymorphism

  • A parent class pointer or reference points to a subclass object

Override: when the function return value type, function name, and parameter list are exactly the same, it is called overriding

多态案例一-计算器类

案例描述：

分别利用普通写法和多态技术，设计实现两个操作数进行运算的计算器类

多态的优点：

  • 代码组织结构清晰
  • 可读性强
  • 利于前期和后期的扩展以及维护

示例：

Polymorphism Case 1 - Calculator Class

Case description:

Use the ordinary approach and the polymorphism technique respectively to design a calculator class that performs operations on two operands

Advantages of polymorphism:

  • Clear code organization structure
  • Strong readability
  • Beneficial for expansion and maintenance in both the early and late stages

Example:

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//普通实现
class Calculator {
public:
	int getResult(string oper)
	{
		if (oper == "+") {
			return m_Num1 + m_Num2;
		}
		else if (oper == "-") {
			return m_Num1 - m_Num2;
		}
		else if (oper == "*") {
			return m_Num1 * m_Num2;
		}
		//如果要提供新的运算，需要修改源码
	}
public:
	int m_Num1;
	int m_Num2;
};

void test01()
{
	//普通实现测试
	Calculator c;
	c.m_Num1 = 10;
	c.m_Num2 = 10;
	cout << c.m_Num1 << " + " << c.m_Num2 << " = " << c.getResult("+") << endl;

	cout << c.m_Num1 << " - " << c.m_Num2 << " = " << c.getResult("-") << endl;

	cout << c.m_Num1 << " * " << c.m_Num2 << " = " << c.getResult("*") << endl;
}



//多态实现
//抽象计算器类
//多态优点：代码组织结构清晰，可读性强，利于前期和后期的扩展以及维护
class AbstractCalculator
{
public :

	virtual int getResult()
	{
		return 0;
	}

	int m_Num1;
	int m_Num2;
};

//加法计算器
class AddCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
	int getResult()
	{
		return m_Num1 + m_Num2;
	}
};

//减法计算器
class SubCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
	int getResult()
	{
		return m_Num1 - m_Num2;
	}
};

//乘法计算器
class MulCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
	int getResult()
	{
		return m_Num1 * m_Num2;
	}
};


void test02()
{
	//创建加法计算器
	AbstractCalculator *abc = new AddCalculator;
	abc->m_Num1 = 10;
	abc->m_Num2 = 10;
	cout << abc->m_Num1 << " + " << abc->m_Num2 << " = " << abc->getResult() << endl;
	delete abc;  //用完了记得销毁

	//创建减法计算器
	abc = new SubCalculator;
	abc->m_Num1 = 10;
	abc->m_Num2 = 10;
	cout << abc->m_Num1 << " - " << abc->m_Num2 << " = " << abc->getResult() << endl;
	delete abc;  

	//创建乘法计算器
	abc = new MulCalculator;
	abc->m_Num1 = 10;
	abc->m_Num2 = 10;
	cout << abc->m_Num1 << " * " << abc->m_Num2 << " = " << abc->getResult() << endl;
	delete abc;
}

int main() {

	//test01();

	test02();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

总结：C++开发提倡利用多态设计程序架构，因为多态优点很多

Summary: C++ development advocates using polymorphism to design program architecture because polymorphism has many advantages

纯虚函数和抽象类

在多态中，通常父类中虚函数的实现是毫无意义的，主要都是调用子类重写的内容

因此可以将虚函数改为纯虚函数

纯虚函数语法：virtual 返回值类型 函数名 （参数列表）= 0 ;

当类中有了纯虚函数，这个类也称为抽象类

抽象类特点：

  • 无法实例化对象
  • 子类必须重写抽象类中的纯虚函数，否则也属于抽象类

示例：

Pure Virtual Functions and Abstract Classes

In polymorphism, the implementation of the virtual function in the parent class is usually meaningless; it mainly calls the content overridden by the subclass

Therefore, the virtual function can be changed to a pure virtual function

Pure virtual function syntax: virtual return type function name (parameter list) = 0 ;

When a class has a pure virtual function, this class is also called an abstract class

Abstract class characteristics:

  • Objects cannot be instantiated
  • The subclass must override the pure virtual functions in the abstract class, otherwise it is also an abstract class

Example:

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class Base
{
public:
	//纯虚函数
	//类中只要有一个纯虚函数就称为抽象类
	//抽象类无法实例化对象
	//子类必须重写父类中的纯虚函数，否则也属于抽象类
	virtual void func() = 0;
};

class Son :public Base
{
public:
	virtual void func() 
	{
		cout << "func调用" << endl;
	};
};

void test01()
{
	Base * base = NULL;
	//base = new Base; // 错误，抽象类无法实例化对象
	base = new Son;
	base->func();
	delete base;//记得销毁
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

多态案例二-制作饮品

案例描述：

制作饮品的大致流程为：煮水 - 冲泡 - 倒入杯中 - 加入辅料

利用多态技术实现本案例，提供抽象制作饮品基类，提供子类制作咖啡和茶叶

1545985945198

示例：

Polymorphism Case 2 - Making Drinks

Case description:

The general process of making a drink is: boil water - brew - pour into the cup - add ingredients

Use the polymorphism technique to implement this case, providing an abstract base class for making drinks and subclasses for making coffee and tea

1545985945198

Example:

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//抽象制作饮品
class AbstractDrinking {
public:
	//烧水
	virtual void Boil() = 0;
	//冲泡
	virtual void Brew() = 0;
	//倒入杯中
	virtual void PourInCup() = 0;
	//加入辅料
	virtual void PutSomething() = 0;
	//规定流程
	void MakeDrink() {
		Boil();
		Brew();
		PourInCup();
		PutSomething();
	}
};

//制作咖啡
class Coffee : public AbstractDrinking {
public:
	//烧水
	virtual void Boil() {
		cout << "煮农夫山泉!" << endl;
	}
	//冲泡
	virtual void Brew() {
		cout << "冲泡咖啡!" << endl;
	}
	//倒入杯中
	virtual void PourInCup() {
		cout << "将咖啡倒入杯中!" << endl;
	}
	//加入辅料
	virtual void PutSomething() {
		cout << "加入牛奶!" << endl;
	}
};

//制作茶水
class Tea : public AbstractDrinking {
public:
	//烧水
	virtual void Boil() {
		cout << "煮自来水!" << endl;
	}
	//冲泡
	virtual void Brew() {
		cout << "冲泡茶叶!" << endl;
	}
	//倒入杯中
	virtual void PourInCup() {
		cout << "将茶水倒入杯中!" << endl;
	}
	//加入辅料
	virtual void PutSomething() {
		cout << "加入枸杞!" << endl;
	}
};

//业务函数
void DoWork(AbstractDrinking* drink) {
	drink->MakeDrink();
	delete drink;
}

void test01() {
	DoWork(new Coffee);
	cout << "--------------" << endl;
	DoWork(new Tea);
}


int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

虚析构和纯虚析构

多态使用时，如果子类中有属性开辟到堆区，那么父类指针在释放时无法调用到子类的析构代码

解决方式：将父类中的析构函数改为虚析构或者纯虚析构

虚析构和纯虚析构共性：

  • 可以解决父类指针释放子类对象
  • 都需要有具体的函数实现

虚析构和纯虚析构区别：

  • 如果是纯虚析构，该类属于抽象类，无法实例化对象

虚析构语法：

virtual ~类名(){}

纯虚析构语法：

virtual ~类名() = 0;

类名::~类名(){}

Virtual Destructors and Pure Virtual Destructors

When polymorphism is used, if a subclass has attributes opened on the heap, the parent class pointer cannot call the subclass’s destructor code when releasing

Solution: change the destructor of the parent class to a virtual destructor or pure virtual destructor

Common points of virtual destructors and pure virtual destructors:

  • Can solve releasing subclass objects through parent class pointers
  • Both need concrete function implementations

Differences between virtual destructors and pure virtual destructors:

  • If it is a pure virtual destructor, the class is an abstract class and objects cannot be instantiated

Virtual destructor syntax:

virtual ~class name(){}

Pure virtual destructor syntax:

virtual ~class name() = 0;

class name::~class name(){}

示例：

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class Animal {
public:

	Animal()
	{
		cout << "Animal 构造函数调用！" << endl;
	}
	virtual void Speak() = 0;

	//析构函数加上virtual关键字，变成虚析构函数
	//virtual ~Animal()
	//{
	//	cout << "Animal虚析构函数调用！" << endl;
	//}


	virtual ~Animal() = 0;
};

Animal::~Animal()
{
	cout << "Animal 纯虚析构函数调用！" << endl;
}

//和包含普通纯虚函数的类一样，包含了纯虚析构函数的类也是一个抽象类。不能够被实例化。

class Cat : public Animal {
public:
	Cat(string name)
	{
		cout << "Cat构造函数调用！" << endl;
		m_Name = new string(name);
	}
	virtual void Speak()
	{
		cout << *m_Name <<  "小猫在说话!" << endl;
	}
	~Cat()
	{
		cout << "Cat析构函数调用!" << endl;
		if (this->m_Name != NULL) {
			delete m_Name;
			m_Name = NULL;
		}
	}

public:
	string *m_Name;
};

void test01()
{
	Animal *animal = new Cat("Tom");
	animal->Speak();

	//通过父类指针去释放，会导致子类对象可能清理不干净，造成内存泄漏
	//怎么解决？给基类增加一个虚析构函数
	//虚析构函数就是用来解决通过父类指针释放子类对象
	delete animal;
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

总结：

​ 1. 虚析构或纯虚析构就是用来解决通过父类指针释放子类对象

​ 2. 如果子类中没有堆区数据，可以不写为虚析构或纯虚析构

​ 3. 拥有纯虚析构函数的类也属于抽象类

Summary:

​ 1. Virtual destructors or pure virtual destructors are used to solve releasing subclass objects through parent class pointers

​ 2. If there is no heap data in the subclass, it does not need to be written as a virtual destructor or pure virtual destructor

​ 3. A class with a pure virtual destructor is also an abstract class

多态案例三-电脑组装

案例描述：

电脑主要组成部件为 CPU（用于计算），显卡（用于显示），内存条（用于存储）

将每个零件封装出抽象基类，并且提供不同的厂商生产不同的零件，例如Intel厂商和Lenovo厂商

创建电脑类提供让电脑工作的函数，并且调用每个零件工作的接口

测试时组装三台不同的电脑进行工作

示例：

Polymorphism Case 3 - Computer Assembly

Case description:

The main components of a computer are the CPU (for calculation), the video card (for display), and the memory module (for storage)

Encapsulate an abstract base class for each part, and provide different manufacturers to produce different parts, such as the Intel manufacturer and the Lenovo manufacturer

Create a computer class that provides a function to make the computer work, and calls the working interface of each part

During testing, assemble three different computers to work

Example:

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#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

//抽象CPU类
class CPU
{
public:
	//抽象的计算函数
	virtual void calculate() = 0;
};

//抽象显卡类
class VideoCard
{
public:
	//抽象的显示函数
	virtual void display() = 0;
};

//抽象内存条类
class Memory
{
public:
	//抽象的存储函数
	virtual void storage() = 0;
};

//电脑类
class Computer
{
public:
	Computer(CPU * cpu, VideoCard * vc, Memory * mem)
	{
		m_cpu = cpu;
		m_vc = vc;
		m_mem = mem;
	}

	//提供工作的函数
	void work()
	{
		//让零件工作起来，调用接口
		m_cpu->calculate();

		m_vc->display();

		m_mem->storage();
	}

	//提供析构函数 释放3个电脑零件
	~Computer()
	{

		//释放CPU零件
		if (m_cpu != NULL)
		{
			delete m_cpu;
			m_cpu = NULL;
		}

		//释放显卡零件
		if (m_vc != NULL)
		{
			delete m_vc;
			m_vc = NULL;
		}

		//释放内存条零件
		if (m_mem != NULL)
		{
			delete m_mem;
			m_mem = NULL;
		}
	}

private:

	CPU * m_cpu; //CPU的零件指针
	VideoCard * m_vc; //显卡零件指针
	Memory * m_mem; //内存条零件指针
};

//具体厂商
//Intel厂商
class IntelCPU :public CPU
{
public:
	virtual void calculate()
	{
		cout << "Intel的CPU开始计算了！" << endl;
	}
};

class IntelVideoCard :public VideoCard
{
public:
	virtual void display()
	{
		cout << "Intel的显卡开始显示了！" << endl;
	}
};

class IntelMemory :public Memory
{
public:
	virtual void storage()
	{
		cout << "Intel的内存条开始存储了！" << endl;
	}
};

//Lenovo厂商
class LenovoCPU :public CPU
{
public:
	virtual void calculate()
	{
		cout << "Lenovo的CPU开始计算了！" << endl;
	}
};

class LenovoVideoCard :public VideoCard
{
public:
	virtual void display()
	{
		cout << "Lenovo的显卡开始显示了！" << endl;
	}
};

class LenovoMemory :public Memory
{
public:
	virtual void storage()
	{
		cout << "Lenovo的内存条开始存储了！" << endl;
	}
};


void test01()
{
	//第一台电脑零件
	CPU * intelCpu = new IntelCPU;
	VideoCard * intelCard = new IntelVideoCard;
	Memory * intelMem = new IntelMemory;

	cout << "第一台电脑开始工作：" << endl;
	//创建第一台电脑
	Computer * computer1 = new Computer(intelCpu, intelCard, intelMem);
	computer1->work();
	delete computer1;

	cout << "-----------------------" << endl;
	cout << "第二台电脑开始工作：" << endl;
	//第二台电脑组装
	Computer * computer2 = new Computer(new LenovoCPU, new LenovoVideoCard, new LenovoMemory);;
	computer2->work();
	delete computer2;

	cout << "-----------------------" << endl;
	cout << "第三台电脑开始工作：" << endl;
	//第三台电脑组装
	Computer * computer3 = new Computer(new LenovoCPU, new IntelVideoCard, new LenovoMemory);;
	computer3->work();
	delete computer3;

}

文件操作

程序运行时产生的数据都属于临时数据，程序一旦运行结束都会被释放

通过文件可以将数据持久化

C++中对文件操作需要包含头文件 < fstream >

文件类型分为两种：

  1. 文本文件 - 文件以文本的ASCII码形式存储在计算机中
  2. 二进制文件 - 文件以文本的二进制形式存储在计算机中，用户一般不能直接读懂它们

操作文件的三大类:

  1. ofstream：写操作
  2. ifstream： 读操作
  3. fstream ： 读写操作

File Operations

Data generated while the program runs is temporary; once the program finishes running, it is all released

Files can persist data

In C++, file operations require including the header file < fstream >

File types are divided into two kinds:

  1. Text file - the file is stored in the computer in the form of text ASCII codes
  2. Binary file - the file is stored in the computer in binary form, and users generally cannot read them directly

Three major classes for file operations:

  1. ofstream: write operations
  2. ifstream: read operations
  3. fstream : read and write operations

文本文件

写文件

写文件步骤如下：

  1. 包含头文件

    #include <fstream>

  2. 创建流对象

    ofstream ofs;

  3. 打开文件

    ofs.open(“文件路径”,打开方式);

  4. 写数据

    ofs << “写入的数据”;

  5. 关闭文件

    ofs.close();

文件打开方式：

打开方式 解释
ios::in 为读文件而打开文件
ios::out 为写文件而打开文件
ios::ate 初始位置：文件尾
ios::app 追加方式写文件
ios::trunc 如果文件存在先删除，再创建
ios::binary 二进制方式

注意： 文件打开方式可以配合使用，利用|操作符

**例如：**用二进制方式写文件 ios::binary | ios:: out

示例：

Text Files

Writing Files

The steps for writing files are as follows:

  1. Include the header file

    #include <fstream>

  2. Create a stream object

    ofstream ofs;

  3. Open the file

    ofs.open(“file path”, opening method);

  4. Write data

    ofs << “data to write”;

  5. Close the file

    ofs.close();

File opening methods:

Opening Method Explanation
ios::in Open the file for reading
ios::out Open the file for writing
ios::ate Initial position: end of file
ios::app Append mode for writing
ios::trunc If the file exists, delete it first, then create
ios::binary Binary mode

Note: file opening methods can be used together, using the | operator

For example: write a file in binary mode ios::binary | ios:: out

Example:

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#include <fstream>

void test01()
{
	ofstream ofs;
	ofs.open("test.txt", ios::out);

	ofs << "姓名：张三" << endl;
	ofs << "性别：男" << endl;
	ofs << "年龄：18" << endl;

	ofs.close();
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

总结：

  • 文件操作必须包含头文件 fstream
  • 读文件可以利用 ofstream ，或者fstream类
  • 打开文件时候需要指定操作文件的路径，以及打开方式
  • 利用<<可以向文件中写数据
  • 操作完毕，要关闭文件

Summary:

  • File operations must include the header file fstream
  • ofstream or fstream classes can be used to read files
  • When opening a file, you need to specify the path of the file and the opening method
  • << can be used to write data to a file
  • After the operation, close the file

读文件

读文件与写文件步骤相似，但是读取方式相对于比较多

读文件步骤如下：

  1. 包含头文件

    #include <fstream>

  2. 创建流对象

    ifstream ifs;

  3. 打开文件并判断文件是否打开成功

    ifs.open(“文件路径”,打开方式);

  4. 读数据

    四种方式读取

  5. 关闭文件

    ifs.close();

示例：

Reading Files

Reading files is similar to writing files, but there are relatively more reading methods

Steps for reading files:

  1. Include the header file

    #include <fstream>

  2. Create a stream object

    ifstream ifs;

  3. Open the file and check whether it was opened successfully

    ifs.open(“file path”, opening method);

  4. Read data

    Four ways to read

  5. Close the file

    ifs.close();

Example:

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#include <fstream>
#include <string>
void test01()
{
	ifstream ifs;
	ifs.open("test.txt", ios::in);

	if (!ifs.is_open())
	{
		cout << "文件打开失败" << endl;
		return;
	}

	//第一种方式
	//char buf[1024] = { 0 };
	//while (ifs >> buf)
	//{
	//	cout << buf << endl;
	//}

	//第二种
	//char buf[1024] = { 0 };
	//while (ifs.getline(buf,sizeof(buf)))
	//{
	//	cout << buf << endl;
	//}

	//第三种
	//string buf;
	//while (getline(ifs, buf))
	//{
	//	cout << buf << endl;
	//}

	char c;
	while ((c = ifs.get()) != EOF)
	{
		cout << c;
	}

	ifs.close();


}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

总结：

  • 读文件可以利用 ifstream ，或者fstream类
  • 利用is_open函数可以判断文件是否打开成功
  • close 关闭文件

Summary:

  • ifstream or fstream classes can be used to read files
  • The is_open function can be used to determine whether the file was opened successfully
  • close closes the file

二进制文件

以二进制的方式对文件进行读写操作

打开方式要指定为 ios::binary

写文件

二进制方式写文件主要利用流对象调用成员函数write

函数原型 ：ostream& write(const char * buffer,int len);

参数解释：字符指针buffer指向内存中一段存储空间。len是读写的字节数

示例：

Binary Files

Perform read and write operations on files in binary mode

The opening method must be specified as ios::binary

Writing Files

Writing files in binary mode mainly uses the stream object to call the member function write

Function prototype: ostream& write(const char * buffer,int len);

Parameter explanation: the character pointer buffer points to a storage space in memory. len is the number of bytes to read or write

Example:

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#include <fstream>
#include <string>

class Person
{
public:
	char m_Name[64];
	int m_Age;
};

//二进制文件  写文件
void test01()
{
	//1、包含头文件

	//2、创建输出流对象
	ofstream ofs("person.txt", ios::out | ios::binary);
	
	//3、打开文件
	//ofs.open("person.txt", ios::out | ios::binary);

	Person p = {"张三"  , 18};

	//4、写文件
	ofs.write((const char *)&p, sizeof(p));

	//5、关闭文件
	ofs.close();
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

总结：

  • 文件输出流对象 可以通过write函数，以二进制方式写数据

Summary:

  • The file output stream object can write data in binary mode through the write function

读文件

二进制方式读文件主要利用流对象调用成员函数read

函数原型：istream& read(char *buffer,int len);

参数解释：字符指针buffer指向内存中一段存储空间。len是读写的字节数

示例：

Reading Files

Reading files in binary mode mainly uses the stream object to call the member function read

Function prototype: istream& read(char *buffer,int len);

Parameter explanation: the character pointer buffer points to a storage space in memory. len is the number of bytes to read or write

Example:

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#include <fstream>
#include <string>

class Person
{
public:
	char m_Name[64];
	int m_Age;
};

void test01()
{
	ifstream ifs("person.txt", ios::in | ios::binary);
	if (!ifs.is_open())
	{
		cout << "文件打开失败" << endl;
	}

	Person p;
	ifs.read((char *)&p, sizeof(p));

	cout << "姓名： " << p.m_Name << " 年龄： " << p.m_Age << endl;
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}
  • 文件输入流对象 可以通过read函数，以二进制方式读数据
  • The file input stream object can read data in binary mode through the read function